From c8585927771a8dabc32b5dea8051e79207a3fdcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tim Schwenke <tim@trallnag.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2023 16:31:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] fix: Fix regression multi app Prometheus registry (#220)

* chore: Enter regression with upgrade

* chore: Potential fix

* fix: Check for function being None before adding

This reflects that now the metric functions can either instrumentation
function closure or None.

Also add missing registry param to metrics functions.

* test: Adjust tests for multiple apps

* chore: Update deps in lock

Relevant because things started to fail with fastapi 0.92.0.

* chore: Improve metrics

* docs: Update CHANGELOG.md
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  24 +-
 poetry.lock                                   | 497 ++++++++++--------
 pyproject.toml                                |   1 +
 .../instrumentation.py                        |  24 +-
 .../metrics.py                                | 429 +++++++++------
 .../middleware.py                             |  13 +-
 tests/test_instrumentator_multiple_apps.py    | 125 +++--
 tests/test_metrics.py                         |  11 +
 8 files changed, 680 insertions(+), 444 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8d4d7fc..77e465d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,7 +7,29 @@ and adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0).
 
 ## Unreleased
 
-Nothing.
+### Fixed
+
+- Fixed `NameError` and "Duplicated timeseries..." errors that started to occur
+  with latest versions of Starlette / FastAPI in combination with multiple
+  middlewares. Instrumentation closures are now optional and the instrumentator
+  handles this accordingly. Thanks to [@alexted](https://github.com/alexted) and
+  others for reporting errors. Related to pull request
+  [#153](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/pull/153)
+  and issue
+  [#214](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/issues/214).
+  Closed issue
+  [#219](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/issues/219).
+  Done in pull request
+  [#220](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/pull/220).
+
+- Added missing `registry` parameter to remaining metrics functions. This
+  enables passing custom registry to other metrics functions than default.
+  Related to pull request
+  [#153](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/pull/153).
+  Closed issue
+  [#219](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/issues/219).
+  Done in pull request
+  [#220](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/pull/220).
 
 ## [5.10.0](https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator/compare/v5.9.1...v5.10.0) / 2023-02-26
 
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 6b31435..c481036 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry and should not be changed by hand.
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.4.0 and should not be changed by hand.
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyio"
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ trio = ["trio (>=0.16,<0.22)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "asgiref"
-version = "3.5.2"
+version = "3.6.0"
 description = "ASGI specs, helper code, and adapters"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "asgiref-3.5.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1d2880b792ae8757289136f1db2b7b99100ce959b2aa57fd69dab783d05afac4"},
-    {file = "asgiref-3.5.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4a29362a6acebe09bf1d6640db38c1dc3d9217c68e6f9f6204d72667fc19a424"},
+    {file = "asgiref-3.6.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:71e68008da809b957b7ee4b43dbccff33d1b23519fb8344e33f049897077afac"},
+    {file = "asgiref-3.6.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9567dfe7bd8d3c8c892227827c41cce860b368104c3431da67a0c5a65a949506"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -60,21 +60,22 @@ test = ["astroid", "pytest"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "attrs"
-version = "22.1.0"
+version = "22.2.0"
 description = "Classes Without Boilerplate"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.5"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
 files = [
-    {file = "attrs-22.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:86efa402f67bf2df34f51a335487cf46b1ec130d02b8d39fd248abfd30da551c"},
-    {file = "attrs-22.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:29adc2665447e5191d0e7c568fde78b21f9672d344281d0c6e1ab085429b22b6"},
+    {file = "attrs-22.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:29e95c7f6778868dbd49170f98f8818f78f3dc5e0e37c0b1f474e3561b240836"},
+    {file = "attrs-22.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c9227bfc2f01993c03f68db37d1d15c9690188323c067c641f1a35ca58185f99"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
-dev = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "furo", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.900,!=0.940)", "pre-commit", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "zope.interface"]
-docs = ["furo", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "zope.interface"]
-tests = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.900,!=0.940)", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "zope.interface"]
-tests-no-zope = ["cloudpickle", "coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.900,!=0.940)", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins"]
+cov = ["attrs[tests]", "coverage-enable-subprocess", "coverage[toml] (>=5.3)"]
+dev = ["attrs[docs,tests]"]
+docs = ["furo", "myst-parser", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "sphinxcontrib-towncrier", "towncrier", "zope.interface"]
+tests = ["attrs[tests-no-zope]", "zope.interface"]
+tests-no-zope = ["cloudpickle", "cloudpickle", "hypothesis", "hypothesis", "mypy (>=0.971,<0.990)", "mypy (>=0.971,<0.990)", "pympler", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "pytest-xdist[psutil]", "pytest-xdist[psutil]"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "black"
@@ -139,19 +140,102 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "charset-normalizer"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "3.0.1"
 description = "The Real First Universal Charset Detector. Open, modern and actively maintained alternative to Chardet."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6.0"
+python-versions = "*"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -279,14 +364,14 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "exceptiongroup"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.1.0"
 description = "Backport of PEP 654 (exception groups)"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -306,41 +391,41 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fastapi"
-version = "0.88.0"
+version = "0.92.0"
 description = "FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 [package.dependencies]
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-starlette = "0.22.0"
+starlette = ">=0.25.0,<0.26.0"
 
 [package.extras]
 all = ["email-validator (>=1.1.1)", "httpx (>=0.23.0)", "itsdangerous (>=1.1.0)", "jinja2 (>=2.11.2)", "orjson (>=3.2.1)", "python-multipart (>=0.0.5)", "pyyaml (>=5.3.1)", "ujson (>=4.0.1,!=4.0.2,!=4.1.0,!=4.2.0,!=4.3.0,!=5.0.0,!=5.1.0)", "uvicorn[standard] (>=0.12.0)"]
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+dev = ["pre-commit (>=2.17.0,<3.0.0)", "ruff (==0.0.138)", "uvicorn[standard] (>=0.12.0,<0.21.0)"]
+doc = ["mdx-include (>=1.4.1,<2.0.0)", "mkdocs (>=1.1.2,<2.0.0)", "mkdocs-markdownextradata-plugin (>=0.1.7,<0.3.0)", "mkdocs-material (>=8.1.4,<9.0.0)", "pyyaml (>=5.3.1,<7.0.0)", "typer[all] (>=0.6.1,<0.8.0)"]
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 [[package]]
 name = "filelock"
-version = "3.8.2"
+version = "3.9.0"
 description = "A platform independent file lock."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
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-testing = ["covdefaults (>=2.2.2)", "coverage (>=6.5)", "pytest (>=7.2)", "pytest-cov (>=4)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.1)"]
+docs = ["furo (>=2022.12.7)", "sphinx (>=5.3)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.19.5)"]
+testing = ["covdefaults (>=2.2.2)", "coverage (>=7.0.1)", "pytest (>=7.2)", "pytest-cov (>=4)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.1)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flake8"
@@ -377,14 +462,14 @@ typing-extensions = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "httpcore"
-version = "0.16.2"
+version = "0.16.3"
 description = "A minimal low-level HTTP client."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -399,14 +484,14 @@ socks = ["socksio (>=1.0.0,<2.0.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "httpx"
-version = "0.23.1"
+version = "0.23.3"
 description = "The next generation HTTP client."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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+    {file = "httpx-0.23.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9818458eb565bb54898ccb9b8b251a28785dd4a55afbc23d0eb410754fe7d0f9"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -423,14 +508,14 @@ socks = ["socksio (>=1.0.0,<2.0.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "identify"
-version = "2.5.10"
+version = "2.5.18"
 description = "File identification library for Python"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "identify-2.5.10-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:fb7c2feaeca6976a3ffa31ec3236a6911fbc51aec9acc111de2aed99f244ade2"},
-    {file = "identify-2.5.10.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dce9e31fee7dbc45fea36a9e855c316b8fbf807e65a862f160840bb5a2bf5dfd"},
+    {file = "identify-2.5.18-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:93aac7ecf2f6abf879b8f29a8002d3c6de7086b8c28d88e1ad15045a15ab63f9"},
+    {file = "identify-2.5.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:89e144fa560cc4cffb6ef2ab5e9fb18ed9f9b3cb054384bab4b95c12f6c309fe"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -470,31 +555,31 @@ testing = ["flufl.flake8", "importlib-resources (>=1.3)", "packaging", "pep517",
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iniconfig"
-version = "1.1.1"
-description = "iniconfig: brain-dead simple config-ini parsing"
+version = "2.0.0"
+description = "brain-dead simple config-ini parsing"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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+    {file = "iniconfig-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b6a85871a79d2e3b22d2d1b94ac2824226a63c6b741c88f7ae975f18b6778374"},
+    {file = "iniconfig-2.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2d91e135bf72d31a410b17c16da610a82cb55f6b0477d1a902134b24a455b8b3"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "isort"
-version = "5.11.3"
+version = "5.11.5"
 description = "A Python utility / library to sort Python imports."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7.0"
 files = [
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+    {file = "isort-5.11.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6be1f76a507cb2ecf16c7cf14a37e41609ca082330be4e3436a18ef74add55db"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
 colors = ["colorama (>=0.4.3,<0.5.0)"]
-pipfile-deprecated-finder = ["pipreqs", "requirementslib"]
+pipfile-deprecated-finder = ["pip-shims (>=0.5.2)", "pipreqs", "requirementslib"]
 plugins = ["setuptools"]
 requirements-deprecated-finder = ["pip-api", "pipreqs"]
 
@@ -556,14 +641,14 @@ reports = ["lxml"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mypy-extensions"
-version = "0.4.3"
-description = "Experimental type system extensions for programs checked with the mypy typechecker."
+version = "1.0.0"
+description = "Type system extensions for programs checked with the mypy type checker."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
+python-versions = ">=3.5"
 files = [
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+    {file = "mypy_extensions-1.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4392f6c0eb8a5668a69e23d168ffa70f0be9ccfd32b5cc2d26a34ae5b844552d"},
+    {file = "mypy_extensions-1.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:75dbf8955dc00442a438fc4d0666508a9a97b6bd41aa2f0ffe9d2f2725af0782"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -583,43 +668,46 @@ setuptools = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "packaging"
-version = "22.0"
+version = "23.0"
 description = "Core utilities for Python packages"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pathspec"
-version = "0.10.3"
+version = "0.11.0"
 description = "Utility library for gitignore style pattern matching of file paths."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
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 name = "platformdirs"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.6.2"
 description = "A small Python package for determining appropriate platform-specific dirs, e.g. a \"user data dir\"."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
+[package.dependencies]
+typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.4", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
+
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["furo (>=2022.9.29)", "proselint (>=0.13)", "sphinx (>=5.3)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.19.4)"]
-test = ["appdirs (==1.4.4)", "pytest (>=7.2)", "pytest-cov (>=4)", "pytest-mock (>=3.10)"]
+docs = ["furo (>=2022.12.7)", "proselint (>=0.13)", "sphinx (>=5.3)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.19.5)"]
+test = ["appdirs (==1.4.4)", "covdefaults (>=2.2.2)", "pytest (>=7.2)", "pytest-cov (>=4)", "pytest-mock (>=3.10)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pluggy"
@@ -642,14 +730,14 @@ testing = ["pytest", "pytest-benchmark"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pre-commit"
-version = "2.20.0"
+version = "2.21.0"
 description = "A framework for managing and maintaining multi-language pre-commit hooks."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -658,19 +746,18 @@ identify = ">=1.0.0"
 importlib-metadata = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 nodeenv = ">=0.11.1"
 pyyaml = ">=5.1"
-toml = "*"
-virtualenv = ">=20.0.8"
+virtualenv = ">=20.10.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "prometheus-client"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 description = "Python client for the Prometheus monitoring system."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -690,52 +777,52 @@ files = [
 
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+version = "1.10.5"
 description = "Data validation and settings management using python type hints"
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 python-versions = ">=3.7"
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+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:261f357f0aecda005934e413dfd7aa4077004a174dafe414a8325e6098a8e419"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:b429f7c457aebb7fbe7cd69c418d1cd7c6fdc4d3c8697f45af78b8d5a7955760"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:663d2dd78596c5fa3eb996bc3f34b8c2a592648ad10008f98d1348be7ae212fb"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:51782fd81f09edcf265823c3bf43ff36d00db246eca39ee765ef58dc8421a642"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-manylinux_2_5_i686.manylinux1_i686.manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:c428c0f64a86661fb4873495c4fac430ec7a7cef2b8c1c28f3d1a7277f9ea5ab"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-musllinux_1_1_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:76c930ad0746c70f0368c4596020b736ab65b473c1f9b3872310a835d852eb19"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:3257bd714de9db2102b742570a56bf7978e90441193acac109b1f500290f5718"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:f5bee6c523d13944a1fdc6f0525bc86dbbd94372f17b83fa6331aabacc8fd08e"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:532e97c35719f137ee5405bd3eeddc5c06eb91a032bc755a44e34a712420daf3"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:ca9075ab3de9e48b75fa8ccb897c34ccc1519177ad8841d99f7fd74cf43be5bf"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:bd46a0e6296346c477e59a954da57beaf9c538da37b9df482e50f836e4a7d4bb"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_5_i686.manylinux1_i686.manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:3353072625ea2a9a6c81ad01b91e5c07fa70deb06368c71307529abf70d23325"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_1_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:3f9d9b2be177c3cb6027cd67fbf323586417868c06c3c85d0d101703136e6b31"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:b473d00ccd5c2061fd896ac127b7755baad233f8d996ea288af14ae09f8e0d1e"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:5f3bc8f103b56a8c88021d481410874b1f13edf6e838da607dcb57ecff9b4594"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7c5b94d598c90f2f46b3a983ffb46ab806a67099d118ae0da7ef21a2a4033b28"},
+    {file = "pydantic-1.10.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9e337ac83686645a46db0e825acceea8e02fca4062483f40e9ae178e8bd1103a"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
-typing-extensions = ">=4.1.0"
+typing-extensions = ">=4.2.0"
 
 [package.extras]
 dotenv = ["python-dotenv (>=0.10.4)"]
@@ -755,14 +842,14 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pytest"
-version = "7.2.0"
+version = "7.2.2"
 description = "pytest: simple powerful testing with Python"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "pytest-7.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:892f933d339f068883b6fd5a459f03d85bfcb355e4981e146d2c7616c21fef71"},
-    {file = "pytest-7.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c4014eb40e10f11f355ad4e3c2fb2c6c6d1919c73f3b5a433de4708202cade59"},
+    {file = "pytest-7.2.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:130328f552dcfac0b1cec75c12e3f005619dc5f874f0a06e8ff7263f0ee6225e"},
+    {file = "pytest-7.2.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c99ab0c73aceb050f68929bc93af19ab6db0558791c6a0715723abe9d0ade9d4"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -799,14 +886,14 @@ testing = ["fields", "hunter", "process-tests", "pytest-xdist", "six", "virtuale
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pytoolconfig"
-version = "1.2.4"
+version = "1.2.5"
 description = "Python tool configuration"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "pytoolconfig-1.2.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7befe396f91b2593345b829a7745c7f459f04fc6c53fc86c0b771945446a7bd1"},
-    {file = "pytoolconfig-1.2.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5e1a246f77970ddb5f3d8d06fbf162424b8a1adfc22c2eb51826b383bf293d1e"},
+    {file = "pytoolconfig-1.2.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:239ba9d3e537b91d0243275a497700ea39a5e259ddb80421c366e3b288bf30fe"},
+    {file = "pytoolconfig-1.2.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a50f9dfe23b03a9d40414c1fdf902fefbeae12f2ac75a3c8f915944d6ffac279"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -817,7 +904,7 @@ typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.4.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 
 [package.extras]
 doc = ["sphinx (>=4.5.0)", "tabulate (>=0.8.9)"]
-gen-docs = ["pytoolconfig[doc]", "sphinx (>=4.5.0)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.18.1)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=1.0.0)"]
+gendocs = ["pytoolconfig[doc]", "sphinx (>=4.5.0)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.18.1)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=1.0.0)"]
 global = ["platformdirs (>=1.4.4)"]
 validation = ["pydantic (>=1.7.4)"]
 
@@ -873,19 +960,19 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "requests"
-version = "2.28.1"
+version = "2.28.2"
 description = "Python HTTP for Humans."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7, <4"
 files = [
-    {file = "requests-2.28.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8fefa2a1a1365bf5520aac41836fbee479da67864514bdb821f31ce07ce65349"},
-    {file = "requests-2.28.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7c5599b102feddaa661c826c56ab4fee28bfd17f5abca1ebbe3e7f19d7c97983"},
+    {file = "requests-2.28.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:64299f4909223da747622c030b781c0d7811e359c37124b4bd368fb8c6518baa"},
+    {file = "requests-2.28.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:98b1b2782e3c6c4904938b84c0eb932721069dfdb9134313beff7c83c2df24bf"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 certifi = ">=2017.4.17"
-charset-normalizer = ">=2,<3"
+charset-normalizer = ">=2,<4"
 idna = ">=2.5,<4"
 urllib3 = ">=1.21.1,<1.27"
 
@@ -913,37 +1000,37 @@ idna2008 = ["idna"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rope"
-version = "1.6.0"
+version = "1.7.0"
 description = "a python refactoring library..."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "rope-1.6.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2b4c6879422672f13958a6a36f063d1823d3ba9f0af933e7944293a5a33c8afc"},
-    {file = "rope-1.6.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:931aea154365556a7daac01cbcece0c9c118755bfff7c65ab242b69585167eca"},
+    {file = "rope-1.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:893dd80ba7077fc9f6f42b0a849372076b70f1d6e405b9f0cc52781ffa0e6890"},
+    {file = "rope-1.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ba39581d0f8dee4ae8b5b5e82e35d03cebad965ccb127b7eaab9755cdc85e85a"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 pytoolconfig = {version = ">=1.2.2", extras = ["global"]}
 
 [package.extras]
-dev = ["build (>=0.7.0)", "pytest (>=7.0.1)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.1.0)"]
+dev = ["build (>=0.7.0)", "pre-commit (>=2.20.0)", "pytest (>=7.0.1)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.1.0)"]
 doc = ["pytoolconfig[doc]", "sphinx (>=4.5.0)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.18.1)", "sphinx-rtd-theme (>=1.0.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "setuptools"
-version = "65.6.3"
+version = "67.4.0"
 description = "Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "setuptools-65.6.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:57f6f22bde4e042978bcd50176fdb381d7c21a9efa4041202288d3737a0c6a54"},
-    {file = "setuptools-65.6.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a7620757bf984b58deaf32fc8a4577a9bbc0850cf92c20e1ce41c38c19e5fb75"},
+    {file = "setuptools-67.4.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f106dee1b506dee5102cc3f3e9e68137bbad6d47b616be7991714b0c62204251"},
+    {file = "setuptools-67.4.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e5fd0a713141a4a105412233c63dc4e17ba0090c8e8334594ac790ec97792330"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "pygments-github-lexers (==0.0.5)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-favicon", "sphinx-hoverxref (<2)", "sphinx-inline-tabs", "sphinx-notfound-page (==0.8.3)", "sphinx-reredirects", "sphinxcontrib-towncrier"]
+docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "pygments-github-lexers (==0.0.5)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-favicon", "sphinx-hoverxref (<2)", "sphinx-inline-tabs", "sphinx-lint", "sphinx-notfound-page (==0.8.3)", "sphinx-reredirects", "sphinxcontrib-towncrier"]
 testing = ["build[virtualenv]", "filelock (>=3.4.0)", "flake8 (<5)", "flake8-2020", "ini2toml[lite] (>=0.9)", "jaraco.envs (>=2.2)", "jaraco.path (>=3.2.0)", "pip (>=19.1)", "pip-run (>=8.8)", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=1.3)", "pytest-flake8", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)", "pytest-perf", "pytest-timeout", "pytest-xdist", "tomli-w (>=1.0.0)", "virtualenv (>=13.0.0)", "wheel"]
 testing-integration = ["build[virtualenv]", "filelock (>=3.4.0)", "jaraco.envs (>=2.2)", "jaraco.path (>=3.2.0)", "pytest", "pytest-enabler", "pytest-xdist", "tomli", "virtualenv (>=13.0.0)", "wheel"]
 
@@ -973,14 +1060,14 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "starlette"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.25.0"
 description = "The little ASGI library that shines."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "starlette-0.22.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b5eda991ad5f0ee5d8ce4c4540202a573bb6691ecd0c712262d0bc85cf8f2c50"},
-    {file = "starlette-0.22.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b092cbc365bea34dd6840b42861bdabb2f507f8671e642e8272d2442e08ea4ff"},
+    {file = "starlette-0.25.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:774f1df1983fd594b9b6fb3ded39c2aa1979d10ac45caac0f4255cbe2acb8628"},
+    {file = "starlette-0.25.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:854c71e73736c429c2bdb07801f2c76c9cba497e7c3cf4988fde5e95fe4cdb3c"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -990,18 +1077,6 @@ typing-extensions = {version = ">=3.10.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.10\""
 [package.extras]
 full = ["httpx (>=0.22.0)", "itsdangerous", "jinja2", "python-multipart", "pyyaml"]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "toml"
-version = "0.10.2"
-description = "Python Library for Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language"
-category = "dev"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.6, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*"
-files = [
-    {file = "toml-0.10.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:806143ae5bfb6a3c6e736a764057db0e6a0e05e338b5630894a5f779cabb4f9b"},
-    {file = "toml-0.10.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b3bda1d108d5dd99f4a20d24d9c348e91c4db7ab1b749200bded2f839ccbe68f"},
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tomli"
 version = "2.0.1"
@@ -1050,26 +1125,26 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.4.0"
+version = "4.5.0"
 description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.7+"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.4.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:16fa4864408f655d35ec496218b85f79b3437c829e93320c7c9215ccfd92489e"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.4.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1511434bb92bf8dd198c12b1cc812e800d4181cfcb867674e0f8279cc93087aa"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.5.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:fb33085c39dd998ac16d1431ebc293a8b3eedd00fd4a32de0ff79002c19511b4"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.5.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5cb5f4a79139d699607b3ef622a1dedafa84e115ab0024e0d9c044a9479ca7cb"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "1.26.13"
+version = "1.26.14"
 description = "HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*, !=3.5.*"
 files = [
-    {file = "urllib3-1.26.13-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:47cc05d99aaa09c9e72ed5809b60e7ba354e64b59c9c173ac3018642d8bb41fc"},
-    {file = "urllib3-1.26.13.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c083dd0dce68dbfbe1129d5271cb90f9447dea7d52097c6e0126120c521ddea8"},
+    {file = "urllib3-1.26.14-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:75edcdc2f7d85b137124a6c3c9fc3933cdeaa12ecb9a6a959f22797a0feca7e1"},
+    {file = "urllib3-1.26.14.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:076907bf8fd355cde77728471316625a4d2f7e713c125f51953bb5b3eecf4f72"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -1121,21 +1196,21 @@ testing = ["coverage (>=4)", "coverage-enable-subprocess (>=1)", "flaky (>=3)",
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zipp"
-version = "3.11.0"
+version = "3.15.0"
 description = "Backport of pathlib-compatible object wrapper for zip files"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "zipp-3.11.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:83a28fcb75844b5c0cdaf5aa4003c2d728c77e05f5aeabe8e95e56727005fbaa"},
-    {file = "zipp-3.11.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a7a22e05929290a67401440b39690ae6563279bced5f314609d9d03798f56766"},
+    {file = "zipp-3.15.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:48904fc76a60e542af151aded95726c1a5c34ed43ab4134b597665c86d7ad556"},
+    {file = "zipp-3.15.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:112929ad649da941c23de50f356a2b5570c954b65150642bccdd66bf194d224b"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)"]
-testing = ["flake8 (<5)", "func-timeout", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=1.3)", "pytest-flake8", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)"]
+docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
+testing = ["big-O", "flake8 (<5)", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=1.3)", "pytest-flake8", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)"]
 
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = ">= 3.7.0, < 4.0.0"
-content-hash = "13c53c49b65082fabe587c5b9220e101ef91e57c9ec73ef718364adead23df0d"
+content-hash = "0868d18794b8cf54d229a6e87779ef8129f3b7cc2d86dea9e19f4a5d232f054c"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 42050dc..0afdadf 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ keywords = ["prometheus", "instrumentation", "fastapi", "exporter", "metrics"]
 python = ">= 3.7.0, < 4.0.0"
 fastapi = ">= 0.38.1, < 1.0.0"
 prometheus-client = ">= 0.8.0, < 1.0.0"
+starlette = "0.25.0"
 
 [tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
 httpx = "^0.23.1"
diff --git a/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/instrumentation.py b/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/instrumentation.py
index 8a9ae52..2fd4cca 100644
--- a/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/instrumentation.py
+++ b/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/instrumentation.py
@@ -269,7 +269,9 @@ def metrics(request: Request):
 
     def add(
         self,
-        instrumentation_function: Callable[[metrics.Info], Union[None, Awaitable[None]]],
+        instrumentation_function: Optional[
+            Callable[[metrics.Info], Union[None, Awaitable[None]]]
+        ],
     ):
         """Adds function to list of instrumentations.
 
@@ -283,14 +285,18 @@ def add(
             self: Instrumentator. Builder Pattern.
         """
 
-        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(instrumentation_function):
-            self.async_instrumentations.append(
-                cast(Callable[[metrics.Info], Awaitable[None]], instrumentation_function)
-            )
-        else:
-            self.instrumentations.append(
-                cast(Callable[[metrics.Info], None], instrumentation_function)
-            )
+        if instrumentation_function:
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(instrumentation_function):
+                self.async_instrumentations.append(
+                    cast(
+                        Callable[[metrics.Info], Awaitable[None]],
+                        instrumentation_function,
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                self.instrumentations.append(
+                    cast(Callable[[metrics.Info], None], instrumentation_function)
+                )
 
         return self
 
diff --git a/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/metrics.py b/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/metrics.py
index 20c8a27..dbd1930 100644
--- a/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/metrics.py
+++ b/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/metrics.py
@@ -90,6 +90,18 @@ def _build_label_attribute_names(
     return label_names, info_attribute_names
 
 
+def _is_duplicated_time_series(error: ValueError) -> bool:
+    return any(
+        map(
+            error.args[0].__contains__,
+            [
+                "Duplicated timeseries in CollectorRegistry:",
+                "Duplicated time series in CollectorRegistry:",
+            ],
+        )
+    )
+
+
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Instrumentation / Metrics functions
 
@@ -103,7 +115,8 @@ def latency(
     should_include_method: bool = True,
     should_include_status: bool = True,
     buckets: tuple = Histogram.DEFAULT_BUCKETS,
-) -> Callable[[Info], None]:
+    registry: CollectorRegistry = REGISTRY,
+) -> Optional[Callable[[Info], None]]:
     """Default metric for the Prometheus FastAPI Instrumentator.
 
     Args:
@@ -142,35 +155,51 @@ def latency(
         should_include_handler, should_include_method, should_include_status
     )
 
-    if label_names:
-        METRIC = Histogram(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            labelnames=label_names,
-            buckets=buckets,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-    else:
-        METRIC = Histogram(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            buckets=buckets,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-
-    def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+    # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
+    # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry
+    # complain about duplicated metrics.
+    #
+    # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to
+    # verify if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to
+    # handle it seems to be with this try block.
+    try:
         if label_names:
-            label_values = [
-                getattr(info, attribute_name) for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
-            ]
-
-            METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(info.modified_duration)
+            METRIC = Histogram(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                labelnames=label_names,
+                buckets=buckets,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
         else:
-            METRIC.observe(info.modified_duration)
+            METRIC = Histogram(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                buckets=buckets,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
+
+        def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+            if label_names:
+                label_values = [
+                    getattr(info, attribute_name)
+                    for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
+                ]
 
-    return instrumentation
+                METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(info.modified_duration)
+            else:
+                METRIC.observe(info.modified_duration)
+
+        return instrumentation
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not _is_duplicated_time_series(e):
+            raise e
+
+    return None
 
 
 def request_size(
@@ -181,7 +210,8 @@ def request_size(
     should_include_handler: bool = True,
     should_include_method: bool = True,
     should_include_status: bool = True,
-) -> Callable[[Info], None]:
+    registry: CollectorRegistry = REGISTRY,
+) -> Optional[Callable[[Info], None]]:
     """Record the content length of incoming requests.
 
     If content length is missing 0 will be assumed.
@@ -210,34 +240,50 @@ def request_size(
         should_include_handler, should_include_method, should_include_status
     )
 
-    if label_names:
-        METRIC = Summary(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            labelnames=label_names,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-    else:
-        METRIC = Summary(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-
-    def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
-        content_length = info.request.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
+    # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
+    # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry
+    # complain about duplicated metrics.
+    #
+    # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to
+    # verify if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to
+    # handle it seems to be with this try block.
+    try:
         if label_names:
-            label_values = [
-                getattr(info, attribute_name) for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
-            ]
-
-            METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(int(content_length))
+            METRIC = Summary(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                labelnames=label_names,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
         else:
-            METRIC.observe(int(content_length))
+            METRIC = Summary(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
 
-    return instrumentation
+        def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+            content_length = info.request.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
+            if label_names:
+                label_values = [
+                    getattr(info, attribute_name)
+                    for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
+                ]
+
+                METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(int(content_length))
+            else:
+                METRIC.observe(int(content_length))
+
+        return instrumentation
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not _is_duplicated_time_series(e):
+            raise e
+
+    return None
 
 
 def response_size(
@@ -248,7 +294,8 @@ def response_size(
     should_include_handler: bool = True,
     should_include_method: bool = True,
     should_include_status: bool = True,
-) -> Callable[[Info], None]:
+    registry: CollectorRegistry = REGISTRY,
+) -> Optional[Callable[[Info], None]]:
     """Record the content length of outgoing responses.
 
     If content length is missing 0 will be assumed.
@@ -283,38 +330,54 @@ def response_size(
         should_include_handler, should_include_method, should_include_status
     )
 
-    if label_names:
-        METRIC = Summary(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            labelnames=label_names,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-    else:
-        METRIC = Summary(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-
-    def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
-        if info.response and hasattr(info.response, "headers"):
-            content_length = info.response.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
+    # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
+    # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry
+    # complain about duplicated metrics.
+    #
+    # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to
+    # verify if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to
+    # handle it seems to be with this try block.
+    try:
+        if label_names:
+            METRIC = Summary(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                labelnames=label_names,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
         else:
-            content_length = 0
+            METRIC = Summary(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
 
-        if label_names:
-            label_values = [
-                getattr(info, attribute_name) for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
-            ]
+        def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+            if info.response and hasattr(info.response, "headers"):
+                content_length = info.response.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
+            else:
+                content_length = 0
 
-            METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(int(content_length))
-        else:
-            METRIC.observe(int(content_length))
+            if label_names:
+                label_values = [
+                    getattr(info, attribute_name)
+                    for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
+                ]
+
+                METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(int(content_length))
+            else:
+                METRIC.observe(int(content_length))
 
-    return instrumentation
+        return instrumentation
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not _is_duplicated_time_series(e):
+            raise e
+
+    return None
 
 
 def combined_size(
@@ -325,7 +388,8 @@ def combined_size(
     should_include_handler: bool = True,
     should_include_method: bool = True,
     should_include_status: bool = True,
-) -> Callable[[Info], None]:
+    registry: CollectorRegistry = REGISTRY,
+) -> Optional[Callable[[Info], None]]:
     """Record the combined content length of requests and responses.
 
     If content length is missing 0 will be assumed.
@@ -360,42 +424,58 @@ def combined_size(
         should_include_handler, should_include_method, should_include_status
     )
 
-    if label_names:
-        METRIC = Summary(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            labelnames=label_names,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-    else:
-        METRIC = Summary(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
+    # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
+    # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry
+    # complain about duplicated metrics.
+    #
+    # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to
+    # verify if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to
+    # handle it seems to be with this try block.
+    try:
+        if label_names:
+            METRIC = Summary(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                labelnames=label_names,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
+        else:
+            METRIC = Summary(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
 
-    def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
-        request_cl = info.request.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
+        def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+            request_cl = info.request.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
 
-        if info.response and hasattr(info.response, "headers"):
-            response_cl = info.response.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
-        else:
-            response_cl = 0
+            if info.response and hasattr(info.response, "headers"):
+                response_cl = info.response.headers.get("Content-Length", 0)
+            else:
+                response_cl = 0
 
-        content_length = int(request_cl) + int(response_cl)
+            content_length = int(request_cl) + int(response_cl)
 
-        if label_names:
-            label_values = [
-                getattr(info, attribute_name) for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
-            ]
+            if label_names:
+                label_values = [
+                    getattr(info, attribute_name)
+                    for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
+                ]
 
-            METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(int(content_length))
-        else:
-            METRIC.observe(int(content_length))
+                METRIC.labels(*label_values).observe(int(content_length))
+            else:
+                METRIC.observe(int(content_length))
+
+        return instrumentation
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not _is_duplicated_time_series(e):
+            raise e
 
-    return instrumentation
+    return None
 
 
 def requests(
@@ -406,7 +486,8 @@ def requests(
     should_include_handler: bool = True,
     should_include_method: bool = True,
     should_include_status: bool = True,
-) -> Callable[[Info], None]:
+    registry: CollectorRegistry = REGISTRY,
+) -> Optional[Callable[[Info], None]]:
     """Record the number of requests.
 
     Args:
@@ -439,33 +520,49 @@ def requests(
         should_include_handler, should_include_method, should_include_status
     )
 
-    if label_names:
-        METRIC = Counter(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            labelnames=label_names,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-    else:
-        METRIC = Counter(
-            metric_name,
-            metric_doc,
-            namespace=metric_namespace,
-            subsystem=metric_subsystem,
-        )
-
-    def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+    # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
+    # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry
+    # complain about duplicated metrics.
+    #
+    # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to
+    # verify if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to
+    # handle it seems to be with this try block.
+    try:
         if label_names:
-            label_values = [
-                getattr(info, attribute_name) for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
-            ]
-
-            METRIC.labels(*label_values).inc()
+            METRIC = Counter(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                labelnames=label_names,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
         else:
-            METRIC.inc()
+            METRIC = Counter(
+                metric_name,
+                metric_doc,
+                namespace=metric_namespace,
+                subsystem=metric_subsystem,
+                registry=registry,
+            )
 
-    return instrumentation
+        def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+            if label_names:
+                label_values = [
+                    getattr(info, attribute_name)
+                    for attribute_name in info_attribute_names
+                ]
+
+                METRIC.labels(*label_values).inc()
+            else:
+                METRIC.inc()
+
+        return instrumentation
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not _is_duplicated_time_series(e):
+            raise e
+
+    return None
 
 
 def default(
@@ -497,7 +594,7 @@ def default(
     ),
     latency_lowr_buckets: tuple = (0.1, 0.5, 1),
     registry: CollectorRegistry = REGISTRY,
-) -> Callable[[Info], None]:
+) -> Optional[Callable[[Info], None]]:
     """Contains multiple metrics to cover multiple things.
 
     Combines several metrics into a single function. Also more efficient than
@@ -547,13 +644,14 @@ def default(
     if latency_lowr_buckets[-1] != float("inf"):
         latency_lowr_buckets = latency_lowr_buckets + (float("inf"),)
 
+    # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
+    # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry
+    # complain about duplicated metrics.
+    #
+    # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to
+    # verify if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to
+    # handle it seems to be with this try block.
     try:
-        # Starlette will call app.build_middleware_stack() with every new middleware
-        # added, which will call all this again, which will make the registry complain
-        # about duplicated metrics.
-        # The Python Prometheus client currently doesn't seem to have a way to verify
-        # if adding a metric will cause errors or not, so the only way to handle it
-        # seems to be with this try block.
         TOTAL = Counter(
             name="http_requests_total",
             documentation="Total number of requests by method, status and handler.",
@@ -617,27 +715,32 @@ def default(
             subsystem=metric_subsystem,
             registry=registry,
         )
-    except ValueError as e:
-        if "Duplicated timeseries in CollectorRegistry:" not in e.args[0]:
-            raise e
-
-    def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
-        TOTAL.labels(info.method, info.modified_status, info.modified_handler).inc()
 
-        IN_SIZE.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(
-            int(info.request.headers.get("Content-Length", 0))
-        )
+        def instrumentation(info: Info) -> None:
+            TOTAL.labels(info.method, info.modified_status, info.modified_handler).inc()
 
-        if info.response and hasattr(info.response, "headers"):
-            OUT_SIZE.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(
-                int(info.response.headers.get("Content-Length", 0))
+            IN_SIZE.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(
+                int(info.request.headers.get("Content-Length", 0))
             )
-        else:
-            OUT_SIZE.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(0)
 
-        if not should_only_respect_2xx_for_highr or info.modified_status.startswith("2"):
-            LATENCY_HIGHR.observe(info.modified_duration)
+            if info.response and hasattr(info.response, "headers"):
+                OUT_SIZE.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(
+                    int(info.response.headers.get("Content-Length", 0))
+                )
+            else:
+                OUT_SIZE.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(0)
+
+            if not should_only_respect_2xx_for_highr or info.modified_status.startswith(
+                "2"
+            ):
+                LATENCY_HIGHR.observe(info.modified_duration)
+
+            LATENCY_LOWR.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(info.modified_duration)
 
-        LATENCY_LOWR.labels(info.modified_handler).observe(info.modified_duration)
+        return instrumentation
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if not _is_duplicated_time_series(e):
+            raise e
 
-    return instrumentation
+    return None
diff --git a/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/middleware.py b/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/middleware.py
index 38d7bc0..7d053ff 100644
--- a/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/middleware.py
+++ b/src/prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator/middleware.py
@@ -80,8 +80,11 @@ def __init__(
         self.registry = registry
 
         self.excluded_handlers = [re.compile(path) for path in excluded_handlers]
-        self.instrumentations = instrumentations or [
-            metrics.default(
+
+        if instrumentations:
+            self.instrumentations = instrumentations
+        else:
+            default_instrumentation = metrics.default(
                 metric_namespace=metric_namespace,
                 metric_subsystem=metric_subsystem,
                 should_only_respect_2xx_for_highr=should_only_respect_2xx_for_highr,
@@ -89,7 +92,11 @@ def __init__(
                 latency_lowr_buckets=latency_lowr_buckets,
                 registry=self.registry,
             )
-        ]
+            if default_instrumentation:
+                self.instrumentations = [default_instrumentation]
+            else:
+                self.instrumentations = []
+
         self.async_instrumentations = async_instrumentations
 
         self.inprogress: Optional[Gauge] = None
diff --git a/tests/test_instrumentator_multiple_apps.py b/tests/test_instrumentator_multiple_apps.py
index 3a27172..6bbae14 100644
--- a/tests/test_instrumentator_multiple_apps.py
+++ b/tests/test_instrumentator_multiple_apps.py
@@ -1,95 +1,106 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry
-from requests import Response as TestClientResponse
+from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Counter
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
 from prometheus_fastapi_instrumentator import Instrumentator
 
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Setup
 
+def test_multiple_apps_custom_registry():
+    """
+    Tests instrumentation of multiple apps in combination with  middlewares
+    where each app gets it's own registry. In addition it tests that custom
+    metrics are not shared between app's metrics endpoints.
+    """
 
-def create_app() -> FastAPI:
-    app = FastAPI()
+    app1 = FastAPI()
+    app2 = FastAPI()
 
-    @app.get("/")
-    def read_root():
-        return "Hello World!"
+    @app1.get("/dummy")
+    def read_dummy_app1():
+        return "Hello from app1"
 
-    return app
+    @app2.get("/dummy")
+    def read_dummy_app2():
+        return "Hello from app2"
 
-
-def get_response(client: TestClient, path: str) -> TestClientResponse:
-    response = client.get(path)
-
-    print(f"\nResponse  path='{path}' status='{response.status_code}':\n")
-    for line in response.content.split(b"\n"):
-        print(line.decode())
-
-    return response
-
-
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Tests
-
-
-def test_expose_defaults_custom_registry():
-    app1 = create_app()
-    app2 = create_app()
     registry1 = CollectorRegistry(auto_describe=True)
     registry2 = CollectorRegistry(auto_describe=True)
+
     Instrumentator(registry=registry1).instrument(app1).expose(app1)
     Instrumentator(registry=registry2).instrument(app2).expose(app2)
 
-    # Add middlewares after adding the instrumentator, this triggers another
-    # app.build_middleware_stack(), which creates the middleware again, but it will use
-    # the same Prometheus registry again, which could try to create the same metrics
-    # again causing duplication errors
+    Counter("test_app1_only", "In app1 metrics only.", registry=registry1).inc()
+
+    # Add middleware after adding the instrumentator, this triggers another
+    # app.build_middleware_stack(), which creates the middleware again, but it
+    # will use the same Prometheus registry again, which could try to create the
+    # same metrics again causing duplication errors.
     @app1.middleware("http")
     @app2.middleware("http")
-    async def no_op_middleware(request, call_next):
+    async def dummy_middleware(request, call_next):
         response = await call_next(request)
         return response
 
     client1 = TestClient(app1)
     client2 = TestClient(app2)
 
-    get_response(client1, "/")
-    get_response(client2, "/")
+    client1.get("/dummy")
+    client2.get("/dummy")
 
-    response1 = get_response(client1, "/metrics")
-    response2 = get_response(client2, "/metrics")
-    assert response1.status_code == 200
-    assert b"http_request" in response1.content
-    assert response2.status_code == 200
-    assert b"http_request" in response2.content
+    metrics1 = client1.get("/metrics").content.decode()
+    metrics2 = client2.get("/metrics").content.decode()
 
+    print("app1 GET /metrics\n" + metrics1)
+    print("app2 GET /metrics\n" + metrics2)
+
+    want = 'http_requests_total{handler="/dummy",method="GET",status="2xx"} 1.0\n'
+    assert want in metrics1
+    assert want in metrics2
+
+    want = "test_app1_only_total 1.0\n"
+    assert want in metrics1
+    assert want not in metrics2
+
+
+def test_multiple_apps_expose_defaults():
+    """Tests instrumentation of multiple apps in combination with  middlewares."""
+
+    app1 = FastAPI()
+    app2 = FastAPI()
+
+    @app1.get("/dummy")
+    def read_dummy_app1():
+        return "Hello from app1"
+
+    @app2.get("/dummy")
+    def read_dummy_app2():
+        return "Hello from app2"
 
-def test_expose_defaults():
-    app1 = create_app()
-    app2 = create_app()
     Instrumentator().instrument(app1).expose(app1)
     Instrumentator().instrument(app2).expose(app2)
 
-    # Add middlewares after adding the instrumentator, this triggers another
-    # app.build_middleware_stack(), which creates the middleware again, but it will use
-    # the same Prometheus registry again, which could try to create the same metrics
-    # again causing duplication errors
+    # Add middleware after adding the instrumentator, this triggers another
+    # app.build_middleware_stack(), which creates the middleware again, but it
+    # will use the same Prometheus registry again, which could try to create the
+    # same metrics again causing duplication errors.
     @app1.middleware("http")
     @app2.middleware("http")
-    async def no_op_middleware(request, call_next):
+    async def dummy_middleware(request, call_next):
         response = await call_next(request)
         return response
 
     client1 = TestClient(app1)
     client2 = TestClient(app2)
 
-    get_response(client1, "/")
-    get_response(client2, "/")
+    client1.get("/dummy")
+    client2.get("/dummy")
+
+    metrics1 = client1.get("/metrics").content.decode()
+    metrics2 = client2.get("/metrics").content.decode()
+
+    print("app1 GET /metrics\n" + metrics1)
+    print("app2 GET /metrics\n" + metrics2)
 
-    response1 = get_response(client1, "/metrics")
-    response2 = get_response(client2, "/metrics")
-    assert response1.status_code == 200
-    assert b"http_request" in response1.content
-    assert response2.status_code == 200
-    assert b"http_request" in response2.content
+    want = 'http_requests_total{handler="/dummy",method="GET",status="2xx"} 1.0\n'
+    assert want in metrics1
+    assert want in metrics2
diff --git a/tests/test_metrics.py b/tests/test_metrics.py
index d08cf9d..7c1b0ad 100644
--- a/tests/test_metrics.py
+++ b/tests/test_metrics.py
@@ -80,6 +80,17 @@ def get_response(client: TestClient, path: str) -> TestClientResponse:
 # Test helpers / misc
 
 
+def test_is_duplicated_time_series():
+    error = ValueError("xx Duplicated timeseries in CollectorRegistry: xx")
+    assert metrics._is_duplicated_time_series(error)
+
+    error = ValueError("xx Duplicated time series in CollectorRegistry: xx")
+    assert metrics._is_duplicated_time_series(error)
+
+    error = ValueError("xx xx")
+    assert not metrics._is_duplicated_time_series(error)
+
+
 def test_existence_of_attributes():
     info = metrics.Info(
         request=None,