main.tex

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%starting all chapters on odd numbered pages
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% This is a template for a CMU thesis.  It is 18 pages without any content :-)
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% Here's a partial list of people who may or may have not contributed:
%
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%        caruana  = Rich Caruana
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%        jrs      = Jonathan Shewchuk
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%        mjz      = Matt Zekauskas (mattz@cs)
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% Goals
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% appendix
\usepackage{lscape}        % For landscape pages
\usepackage{longtable}     % For tables that span multiple pages
\usepackage{pdfpages}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


% Provides a draft mark at the top of the document. 
% \draftstamp{\today}{DRAFT}

\begin{document} 
\frontmatter

%initialize page style, so contents come out right (see bot) -mjz
\pagestyle{empty}

\title{ 
{\bf Authoring Conceptual Diagrams by Codifying Visual Representations}}
\author{Wode ``Nimo'' Ni}
\authorChinese{倪沃德}
\date{\today}
\Year{2024}
\trnumber{CMU-S3D-24-110}

\committee{
Kenneth Koedinger (Co-chair) \\
Joshua Sunshine (Co-chair) \\
Brad Myers \\
Titus Barik (Apple)\\
Shriram Krishnamurthi (Brown University)\\
\trnumber{}
}

\support{This research was sponsored by the Software Engineering Institute award FA8702-15-D-0002, DARPA award FA87501620042; by the National Security Agency award H9823018D0008; by Squirrel AI award 5007723; by the National Science Foundation awards 1910264, 2016586, 2119007, and TI2346174; and by the CMU Open Source Office Fellowship, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the sponsoring organizations.}

% \disclaimer{}

% copyright notice generated automatically from Year and author.
% permission added if \permission{} given.

\keywords{Diagramming, Diagrammatic Problems, Visual Representations}

\maketitle

\begin{dedication}
To the pool gods.
\end{dedication}


\pagestyle{plain} % for toc, was empty


\begin{abstract}

Visual representations like diagrams are powerful tools for thought. Diagrams are used extensively to understand abstract relationships, explain complex ideas, and solve difficult problems. 

I conducted an interview study to understand how domain experts create diagrams and identified key limitations in current tools. To illustrate concepts effectively, experts find appropriate visual representations and translate concepts into concrete shapes. This translation step is not supported explicitly by existing diagramming tools. Our participants reported how they create, adapt, and reuse visual representations using both sketches and digital tools. However, they had trouble using digital tools to transition from sketches and reuse components from earlier diagrams. Based on these results, we suggest four opportunities of diagramming tools---exploration support, representation salience, live engagement, and vocabulary correspondence---that together enable a \emph{natural} diagramming experience. 

The findings from these studies informed the design of \Penrose, a language-based system that allows authors to codify domain-specific concepts and their visual representations. In \Penrose, the visual representation is user-defined in a constraint-based specification language; diagrams are then generated automatically via constrained numerical optimization. The system is designed to be user-extensible to many domains. In contrast to tools that specify diagrams via direct manipulation or low-level graphics programming, \Penrose{} enables rapid creation and exploration of diagrams that faithfully preserve the underlying visual representation. I demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of the system by showing how it can be used to illustrate a diverse set of concepts from various domains.

Atop \Penrose, I built \Edgeworth, a tool designed to help educators easily create visual problems. \Edgeworth works in two main ways: firstly, it takes a single diagram from the user and systematically alters it to produce many variations, which the educator can then choose from to create multiple problems. Secondly, it automates the layout of diagrams, ensuring consistent high quality without the need for manual adjustments. I collected a dataset of diagrammatic multiple-choice problems to show that \Edgeworth can create problems in three domains: geometry, chemistry, and discrete math. \Edgeworth generated usable answer options within the first 10 diagram variations in 87\% of authored problems. I then performed a user study to measure authors' efficiency at creating translation problems using \Edgeworth, compared with a conventional drawing tool. The results show that once authors make a correct diagram, they are about 3 times faster at making diagrammatic options for translation problems using \Edgeworth compared to Google Drawings. Finally, in response to walkthrough demonstrations, expert educators gave positive feedback on \Edgeworth's utility and the real-world applicability of its outputs.

\Penrose and \Edgeworth demonstrate that codifying visual representations allow diagrams authors to reuse their design effort, produce new diagrams faster, and thus make diagrams at a larger scale.
\end{abstract}

\null\cleardoublepage
% \begin{acknowledgments}
\input{acknowledgements}
% \end{acknowledgments}


\tableofcontents
\null\cleardoublepage
\listoffigures
\listoftables

\mainmatter

%% Double space document for easy review:
%\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.66}\normalsize

% The other requirements Catherine has:
%
%  - avoid large margins.  She wants the thesis to use fewer pages, 
%    especially if it requires colour printing.
%
%  - The thesis should be formatted for double-sided printing.  This
%    means that all chapters, acknowledgements, table of contents, etc.
%    should start on odd numbered (right facing) pages.
%
%  - You need to use the department standard tech report title page.  I
%    have tried to ensure that the title page here conforms to this
%    standard.
%
%  - Use a nice serif font, such as Times Roman.  Sans serif looks bad.
%
% Other than that, just make it look good...

% \input{prelude}

\chapter{Introduction}
\label{chp:introduction}
\input{introduction}

\chapter{Background and Related Work}
\label{chp:background}
\input{related-work}

\chapter[Understanding the Diagramming Process]{Understanding the Diagramming Process\footnote{This chapter is adapted from \citetitle{naturalDiagramming}~\cite{naturalDiagramming}.}}
\label{chp:interviews}
\input{interviews}

\chapter[\Penrose: From Notations to Beautiful Diagrams]{\Penrose: From Notations to Beautiful Diagrams\footnote{
This chapter is adapted from ``\citefield{penrose}{title}''~\cite{penrose}.}}
\label{chp:penrose}
\input{penrose}

\chapter[\Edgeworth: Diagrammatic Problem Authoring at Scale]{\Edgeworth: Diagrammatic Problem Authoring at Scale\footnote{This chapter is adapted from Sections 1 to 5 of ``\citefield{ni_edgeworth_2024}{title}''~\cite{ni_edgeworth_2024}.}}
\label{chp:edgeworth}
\input{edgeworth}

\chapter[Evaluating \Edgeworth{}]{Evaluating \Edgeworth{}\footnote{This chapter is partly adapted from Sections~6 to 7 of ``\citefield{ni_edgeworth_2024}{title}''~\cite{ni_edgeworth_2024}.}}
\label{chp:edgeworth-eval}
\input{edgeworth-eval}

\chapter{Conclusion and Future Work}
\label{chp:conclusion}
\input{conclusion}

\appendix
\input{appendix/diagrammer-interview-protocol}
\input{appendix/diagrammer-interview-codebook}
\input{appendix/penrose-walkthrough}
\input{appendix/set-styles}
\input{appendix/penrose-registry}
\input{appendix/edgeworth-formative-interview-protocol}
\input{appendix/edgeworth-problems}
\input{appendix/edgeworth-reliability-eval-coding}
\input{appendix/edgeworth-user-study-protocol}
\input{appendix/edgeworth-expert-demonstration-walkthrough}



% \input{appendix/dinoshade-style}

\backmatter

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%  header and the actual list of references}
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% \bibliography{zotero} %your bib file

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% Print the bibliography with a chapter heading
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% \bibliographystyle{thesis-style}


\end{document}