ESP-IDF Tests with Pytest Guide

:link_to_translation:`zh_CN:[中文]`

ESP-IDF provides a variety of testing mechanisms that runs directly on target ESP chips (referred to as target test). These target tests are typically integrated into an ESP-IDF project specifically designed for testing purposes (known as a test app). Similar to standard ESP-IDF projects, test apps follow the same build, flash, and monitoring procedures.

In target testing, a connected host (for instance, a PC) is typically required to trigger specific test cases, provide test data, and evaluate test results.

On the host side, ESP-IDF employs the pytest framework (alongside certain pytest plugins) to automate target testing. This guide delves into pytest in ESP-IDF, covering the following aspects:

Common concepts in ESP-IDF target testing.
Using the pytest framework in Python scripts for target testing automation.
ESP-IDF Continuous Integration (CI) target testing workflow.
Running target tests locally using pytest.
pytest tips and tricks.

Note

In ESP-IDF, we use the following pytest plugins by default:

pytest-embedded with default services esp,idf
pytest-rerunfailures
pytest-ignore-test-results

All the concepts and usages introduced in this guide are based on the default behavior of these plugins, thus may not be available in vanilla pytest.

Important

This guide specifically targets ESP-IDF contributors. Some of the concepts, like the custom markers, may not be directly applicable to personal projects using the ESP-IDF SDK. For running pytest-embedded in personal projects, please refer to pytest-embedded documentation, and explore the provided examples.

Installation

All dependencies could be installed by running the install script with the --enable-pytest argument:

$ install.sh --enable-pytest

We have implemented several mechanisms to ensure the successful execution of all installation processes. If you encounter any issues during the installation, please submit an issue report to our GitHub issue tracker.

Common Concepts

A test app is a set of binaries which is being built from an IDF project that is used to test a particular feature of your project. Test apps are usually located under ${IDF_PATH}/examples, ${IDF_PATH}/tools/test_apps, and ${IDF_PATH}/components/<COMPONENT_NAME>/test_apps.

A Device under test (DUT) is a set of ESP chip(s) which connect to a host (e.g., a PC). The host is responsible for flashing the apps to the DUT, triggering the test cases, and inspecting the test results.

A typical ESP-IDF project that contains a pytest script will have the following structure:

.
└── my_app/
    ├── main/
    │   └── ...
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    └── pytest_foo.py

Sometimes, for some multi-dut tests, one test case requires multiple test apps. In this case, the test app folder structure would be like this:

.
├── my_app_foo/
│   ├── main/
│   │   └── ...
│   └── CMakeLists.txt
├── my_app_bar/
│   ├── main/
│   │   └── ...
│   └── CMakeLists.txt
└── pytest_foo_bar.py

pytest in ESP-IDF

Single DUT Test Cases

Getting Started

@pytest.mark.esp32
@pytest.mark.esp32s2
@pytest.mark.generic
def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
    dut.expect('Hello world!')

This is a simple test script that could run with our getting-started example :example:`get-started/hello_world`.

First two lines are the target markers:

The @pytest.mark.esp32 is a marker that indicates that this test case should be run on the ESP32.
The @pytest.mark.esp32s2 is a marker that indicates that this test case should be run on the ESP32-S2.

Note

If the test case can be run on all targets officially supported by ESP-IDF (call idf.py --list-targets for more details), you can use a special marker supported_targets to apply all of them in one line.

We also supports preview_targets and all_targets as special target markers (call idf.py --list-targets --preview for a full targets list including preview targets).

Next, we have the environment marker:

The @pytest.mark.generic is a marker that indicates that this test case should be run on the generic board type.

Note

For the detailed explanation of the environment markers, please refer to :idf_file:`ENV_MARKERS definition <tools/ci/idf_pytest/constants.py>`

Finally, we have the test function. With a dut fixture. In single-dut test cases, the dut fixture is an instance of IdfDut class, for multi-dut test cases, it is a tuple of IdfDut instances. For more details regarding the IdfDut class, please refer to pytest-embedded IdfDut API reference.

Same App with Different sdkconfig Files

For some test cases, you may need to run the same app with different sdkconfig files. For detailed documentation regarding sdkconfig related concepts, please refer to idf-build-apps Documentation.

Here's a simple example that demonstrates how to run the same app with different sdkconfig files. Assume we have the following folder structure:

.
└── my_app/
    ├── main/
    │   └── ...
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── sdkconfig.ci.foo
    ├── sdkconfig.ci.bar
    └── pytest_foo.py

If the test case needs to run all supported targets with these two sdkconfig files, you can use the following code:

@pytest.mark.esp32
@pytest.mark.esp32s2
@pytest.mark.parametrize('config', [    # <-- parameterize the sdkconfig file
    'foo',                              # <-- run with sdkconfig.ci.foo
    'bar',                              # <-- run with sdkconfig.ci.bar
], indirect=True)                       # <-- `indirect=True` is required, indicates this param is pre-calculated before other fixtures
def test_foo_bar(dut, config) -> None:
    if config == 'foo':
      dut.expect('This is from sdkconfig.ci.foo')
    elif config == 'bar':
      dut.expect('This is from sdkconfig.ci.bar')

All markers will impact the test case simultaneously. Overall, this test function would be replicated to 4 test cases:

test_foo_bar, with esp32 target, and sdkconfig.ci.foo as the sdkconfig file
test_foo_bar, with esp32 target, and sdkconfig.ci.bar as the sdkconfig file
test_foo_bar, with esp32s2 target, and sdkconfig.ci.foo as the sdkconfig file
test_foo_bar, with esp32s2 target, and sdkconfig.ci.bar as the sdkconfig file

Sometimes in the test script or the log file, you may see the following format:

esp32.foo.test_foo_bar
esp32.bar.test_foo_bar
esp32s2.foo.test_foo_bar
esp32s2.bar.test_foo_bar

We call this format the test case ID. The test case ID should be considered as the unique identifier of a test case. It is composed of the following parts:

esp32: the target name
foo: the config name
test_foo_bar: the test function name

The test case ID is used to identify the test case in the JUnit report.

Note

Nearly all the CLI options of pytest-embedded supports parameterization. To see all supported CLI options, you may run pytest --help and check the embedded-... sections for vanilla pytest-embedded ones, and the idf sections for ESP-IDF specific ones.

Note

The target markers, like @pytest.mark.esp32 and @pytest.mark.esp32s2, are actually syntactic sugar for parameterization. In fact they are defined as:

@pytest.mark.parametrize('target', [
    'esp32',
    'esp32s2',
], indirect=True)

Same App with Different sdkconfig Files, Different Targets

For some test cases, you may need to run the same app with different sdkconfig files. These sdkconfig files supports different targets. We may use pytest.param to achieve this. Let's use the same folder structure as above.

@pytest.mark.parametrize('config', [
    pytest.param('foo', marks=[pytest.mark.esp32]),
    pytest.param('bar', marks=[pytest.mark.esp32s2]),
], indirect=True)

Now this test function would be replicated to 2 test cases (represented as test case IDs):

esp32.foo.test_foo_bar
esp32s2.bar.test_foo_bar

Testing Serial Output (Expecting)

To ensure that test has executed successfully on target, the test script can test that serial output of the target using the dut.expect() function, for example:

def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
    dut.expect('\d+')  # <-- `expect`ing from a regex
    dut.expect_exact('Hello world!')  # <-- `expect_exact`ly the string

The dut.expect(...) will first compile the expected string into regex, which in turn is then used to seek through the serial output until the compiled regex is matched, or until a timeout occurs.

Please pay extra attention to the expected string when it contains regex keyword characters (e.g., parentheses, square brackets). Alternatively, you may use dut.expect_exact(...) that will attempt to match the string without converting it into regex.

For more information regarding the different types of expect functions, please refer to the pytest-embedded Expecting documentation.

Multi-DUT Test Cases

Multi-Target Tests with the Same App

In some cases a test may involve multiple targets running the same test app. Parametrize count to the number of DUTs you want to test with.

@pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
    2,
], indirect=True)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('target', [
  'esp32|esp32s2',
  'esp32s3',
], indirect=True)
def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
    dut[0].expect('Hello world!')
    dut[1].expect('Hello world!')

The | symbol in all parametrized items is used for separating the settings for each DUT. In this example, the test case would be tested with:

esp32, esp32s2
esp32s3, esp32s3

After setting the param count to 2, all the fixtures are changed into tuples.

Important

count is mandatory for multi-DUT tests.

Note

For detailed multi-dut parametrization documentation, please refer to pytest-embedded Multi-DUT documentation.

Warning

In some test scripts, you may see target markers like @pytest.mark.esp32 and @pytest.mark.esp32s2 used together with multi-DUT test cases. This is deprecated and should be replaced with the target parametrization.

For example,

@pytest.mark.esp32
@pytest.mark.esp32s2
@pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
    2,
], indirect=True)
def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
    dut[0].expect('Hello world!')
    dut[1].expect('Hello world!')

should be replaced with:

@pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
    2,
], indirect=True)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('target', [
    'esp32',
    'esp32s2',
], indirect=True)
def test_hello_world(dut) -> None:
    dut[0].expect('Hello world!')
    dut[1].expect('Hello world!')

This could help avoid the ambiguity of the target markers when multi-DUT test cases are using different type of targets.

Multi-Target Tests with Different Apps

In some cases, a test may involve multiple targets running different test apps (e.g., separate targets to act as master and slave). Usually in ESP-IDF, the folder structure would be like this:

.
├── master/
│   ├── main/
│   │   └── ...
│   └── CMakeLists.txt
├── slave/
│   ├── main/
│   │   └── ...
│   └── CMakeLists.txt
└── pytest_master_slave.py

In this case, we can parametrize the app_path to the path of the test apps you want to test with.

@pytest.mark.multi_dut_generic
@pytest.mark.parametrize('count', [
    2,
], indirect=True)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('app_path, target', [
    (f'{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "master")}|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "slave")}', 'esp32|esp32s2'),
    (f'{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "master")}|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "slave")}', 'esp32s2|esp32'),
], indirect=True)
def test_master_slave(dut) -> None:
    master = dut[0]
    slave = dut[1]

    master.write('Hello world!')
    slave.expect_exact('Hello world!')

Note

When parametrizing two items, like app_path, target here, make sure you're passing a list of tuples to the parametrize decorator. Each tuple should contain the values for each item.

The test case here will be replicated to 2 test cases:

dut-0, an ESP32, running app master, and dut-1, an ESP32-S2, running app slave
dut-0, an ESP32-S2, running app master, and dut-1, an ESP32, running app slave

Test Cases with Unity Test Framework

We use Unity test framework in our unit tests. Overall, we have three types of test cases (Unity test framework):

Normal test cases (single DUT)
Multi-stage test cases (single DUT)
Multi-device test cases (multi-DUT)

All single-DUT test cases (including normal test cases and multi-stage test cases) can be run using the following command:

def test_unity_single_dut(dut: IdfDut):
    dut.run_all_single_board_cases()

Using this command will skip all the test cases containing the [ignore] tag.

If you need to run a group of test cases, you may run:

def test_unity_single_dut(dut: IdfDut):
    dut.run_all_single_board_cases(group='psram')

It would trigger all test cases with the [psram] tag.

Warning

You may also see that there are some test scripts with the following statements, which are deprecated. Please use the suggested one as above.

def test_unity_single_dut(dut: IdfDut):
    dut.expect_exact('Press ENTER to see the list of tests')
    dut.write('*')
    dut.expect_unity_test_output()

We also provide a fixture case_tester to trigger all kinds of test cases easier. For example:

def test_unity_single_dut(case_tester):
    case_tester.run_all_normal_cases()       # to run all normal test cases
    case_tester.run_all_multi_dev_cases()    # to run all multi-device test cases
    case_tester.run_all_multi_stage_cases()  # to run all multi-stage test cases

For a full list of the available functions, please refer to pytest-embedded case_tester API reference.

Running Target Tests in CI

The workflow in CI is as follows:

.. blockdiag::
    :caption: Target Test Child Pipeline Workflow
    :align: center

    blockdiag child-pipeline-workflow {
        default_group_color = lightgray;

        group {
            label = "build"

            build_test_related_apps; build_non_test_related_apps;
        }

        group {
            label = "assign_test"

            build_job_report; generate_pytest_child_pipeline;
        }

        group {
            label = "target_test"

            "Specific Target Test Jobs";
        }

        group {
            label = ".post"

            target_test_report;
        }

        build_test_related_apps, build_non_test_related_apps -> generate_pytest_child_pipeline, build_job_report -> "Specific Target Test Jobs" -> target_test_report;
    }

All build jobs and target test jobs are generated automatically by our CI script :project:`tools/ci/dynamic_pipelines`.

Build Jobs

In CI, all ESP-IDF projects under components, examples, and tools/test_apps, are built with all supported targets and sdkconfig files. The binaries are built under build_<target>_<config>. For example

.
├── build_esp32_history/
│   └── ...
├── build_esp32_nohistory/
│   └── ...
├── build_esp32s2_history/
│   └── ...
├── ...
├── main/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── sdkconfig.ci.history
├── sdkconfig.ci.nohistory
└── ...

There are two types of build jobs, build_test_related_apps and build_non_test_related_apps.

For build_test_related_apps, all the built binaries will be uploaded to our internal MinIO server. You may find the download link in the build report posted in the internal MR.

For build_non_test_related_apps, all the built binaries will be removed after the build job is finished. Only the build log files will be uploaded to our internal MinIO server. You may also find the download link in the build report posted in the internal MR.

Target Test Jobs

In CI, all generated target test jobs are named according to the pattern "<targets> - <env_markers>". For example, single-dut test job esp32 - generic, or multi-dut test job esp32,esp32 - multi_dut_generic.

The binaries in the target test jobs are downloaded from our internal MinIO servers. For most of the test cases, only the files that are required by flash (like .bin files, flash_args files, etc) would be downloaded. For some test cases, like jtag test cases, .elf files are also downloaded.

Running Tests Locally

Installation

First you need to install ESP-IDF with additional Python requirements:

$ cd $IDF_PATH
$ bash install.sh --enable-ci --enable-pytest
$ . ./export.sh

Build Directories

By default, each test case looks for the required binary files in the following directories (in order):

Directory set by --build-dir command line argument, if specified.
build_<target>_<sdkconfig>
build_<target>
build_<sdkconfig>
build

As long as one of the above directories exists, the test case uses that directory to flash the binaries. If non of the above directories exists, the test case fails with an error.

Test Your Test Script

Single-DUT Test Cases with `sdkconfig.defaults`

This is the simplest use case. Let's take :project:`examples/get-started/hello_world` as an example. Assume we're testing with a ESP32 board.

$ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/get-started/hello_world
$ idf.py set-target esp32 build
$ pytest --target esp32

Single-DUT Test Cases with `sdkconfig.ci.xxx`

Some test cases may need to run with different sdkconfig files. Let's take :project:`examples/system/console/basic` as an example. Assume we're testing with a ESP32 board, and test with sdkconfig.ci.history.

$ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/system/console/basic
$ idf.py -DSDKCONFIG_DEFAULTS='sdkconfig.defaults;sdkconfig.ci.history' -B build_esp32_history set-target esp32 build
$ pytest --target esp32 -k "not nohistory"

Note

Here if we use pytest --target esp32 -k history, both test cases will be selected, since pytest -k will use string matching to filter the test cases.

If you want to build and test with all sdkconfig files at the same time, you should use our CI script as an helper script:

$ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/system/console/basic
$ python $IDF_PATH/tools/ci/ci_build_apps.py . --target esp32 -v --pytest-apps
$ pytest --target esp32

The app with sdkconfig.ci.history will be built in build_esp32_history, and the app with sdkconfig.ci.nohistory will be built in build_esp32_nohistory. pytest --target esp32 will run tests on both apps.

Multi-DUT Test Cases

Some test cases may need to run with multiple DUTs. Let's take :project:`examples/openthread` as an example. The test case function looks like this:

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'config, count, app_path, target', [
        ('rcp|cli_h2|br', 3,
         f'{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "ot_rcp")}'
         f'|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "ot_cli")}'
         f'|{os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "ot_br")}',
         'esp32c6|esp32h2|esp32s3'),
    ],
    indirect=True,
)
def test_thread_connect(dut:Tuple[IdfDut, IdfDut, IdfDut]) -> None:
    ...

The test cases will run with

ESP32-C6, flashed with ot_rcp
ESP32-H2, flashed with ot_cli
ESP32-S3, flashed with ot_br

Of course we can build the required binaries manually, but we can also use our CI script as an helper script:

$ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/openthread
$ python $IDF_PATH/tools/ci/ci_build_apps.py . --target all -v --pytest-apps -k test_thread_connect
$ pytest --target esp32c6,esp32h2,esp32s3 -k test_thread_connect

Important

It is mandatory to list all the targets for multi-DUT test cases. Otherwise, the test case would fail with an error.

Debug CI Test Cases

Sometimes you can't reprocude the CI test case failure locally. In this case, you may need to debug the test case with the binaries built in CI.

Run pytest with --pipeline-id <pipeline_id> to force pytest to download the binaries from CI. For example:

$ cd $IDF_PATH/examples/get-started/hello_world
$ pytest --target esp32 --pipeline-id 123456

Even if you have build_esp32_default, or build directory locally, pytest would still download the binaries from pipeline 123456 and place the binaries in build_esp32_default. Then run the test case with this binary.

Note

<pipeline_id> should be the parent pipeline id. You can copy it in your MR page.

Pytest Tips and Tricks

Custom Classes

Usually, you may want to write a custom class under these conditions:

Add more reusable functions for a certain number of DUTs.
Add custom setup and teardown functions

This code example is taken from :idf_file:`panic/conftest.py <tools/test_apps/system/panic/conftest.py>`.

class PanicTestDut(IdfDut):
    ...

@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def monkeypatch_module(request: FixtureRequest) -> MonkeyPatch:
    mp = MonkeyPatch()
    request.addfinalizer(mp.undo)
    return mp


@pytest.fixture(scope='module', autouse=True)
def replace_dut_class(monkeypatch_module: MonkeyPatch) -> None:
    monkeypatch_module.setattr('pytest_embedded_idf.dut.IdfDut', PanicTestDut)

monkeypatch_module provides a module-scoped monkeypatch fixture.

replace_dut_class is a module-scoped autouse fixture. This function replaces the IdfDut class with your custom class.

Mark Flaky Tests

Certain test cases are based on Ethernet or Wi-Fi. However, the test may be flaky due to networking issues. Thus, it is possible to mark a particular test case as flaky.

This code example is taken from :idf_file:`pytest_esp_eth.py <components/esp_eth/test_apps/pytest_esp_eth.py>`.

@pytest.mark.flaky(reruns=3, reruns_delay=5)
def test_esp_eth_ip101(dut: IdfDut) -> None:
    ...

This flaky marker means that if the test function failed, the test case would rerun for a maximum of 3 times with 5 seconds delay.

Mark Known Failures

Sometimes, a test can consistently fail for the following reasons:

The feature under test (or the test itself) has a bug.
The test environment is unstable (e.g., due to network issues) leading to a high failure ratio.

Now you may mark this test case with marker xfail with a user-friendly readable reason.

This code example is taken from :idf_file:`pytest_panic.py <tools/test_apps/system/panic/pytest_panic.py>`

@pytest.mark.xfail('config.getvalue("target") == "esp32s2"', reason='raised IllegalInstruction instead')
def test_cache_error(dut: PanicTestDut, config: str, test_func_name: str) -> None:

This marker means that test is a known failure on the ESP32-S2.

Mark Nightly Run Test Cases

Some test cases are only triggered in nightly run pipelines due to a lack of runners.

@pytest.mark.nightly_run

This marker means that the test case would only be run with env var NIGHTLY_RUN or INCLUDE_NIGHTLY_RUN.

Mark Temporarily Disabled in CI

Some test cases which can pass locally may need to be temporarily disabled in CI due to a lack of runners.

@pytest.mark.temp_skip_ci(targets=['esp32', 'esp32s2'], reason='lack of runners')

This marker means that the test case could still be run locally with pytest --target esp32, but will not run in CI.

Add New Markers

We are using two types of custom markers, target markers which indicate that the test cases should support this target, and env markers which indicate that the test cases should be assigned to runners with these tags in CI.

You can add new markers by adding one line under the :idf_file:`conftest.py`. If it is a target marker, it should be added into TARGET_MARKERS. If it is a marker that specifies a type of test environment, it should be added into ENV_MARKERS. The syntax should be: <marker_name>: <marker_description>.

Skip Auto Flash Binary

Skipping auto-flash binary every time would be useful when you are debugging your test script.

You can call pytest with --skip-autoflash y to achieve it.

Record Statistics

Sometimes you may need to record some statistics while running the tests, like the performance test statistics.

You can use record_xml_attribute fixture in your test script, and the statistics would be recorded as attributes in the JUnit report.

Logging System

Sometimes you may need to add some extra logging lines while running the test cases.

You can use Python logging module to achieve this.

Here are some logging functions provided as fixtures,

`log_performance`

def test_hello_world(
    dut: IdfDut,
    log_performance: Callable[[str, object], None],
) -> None:
    log_performance('test', 1)

The above example would log the performance item with pre-defined format: [performance][test]: 1 and record it under the properties tag in the JUnit report if --junitxml <filepath> is specified. The JUnit test case node would look like:

<testcase classname="examples.get-started.hello_world.pytest_hello_world" file="examples/get-started/hello_world/pytest_hello_world.py" line="13" name="esp32.default.test_hello_world" time="8.389">
    <properties>
        <property name="test" value="1"/>
    </properties>
</testcase>

`check_performance`

We provide C macros TEST_PERFORMANCE_LESS_THAN and TEST_PERFORMANCE_GREATER_THAN to log the performance item and check if the value is in the valid range. Sometimes the performance item value could not be measured in C code, so we also provide a Python function for the same purpose. Please note that using C macros is the preferred approach, since the Python function could not recognize the threshold values of the same performance item under different ifdef blocks well.

def test_hello_world(
    dut: IdfDut,
    check_performance: Callable[[str, float, str], None],
) -> None:
    check_performance('RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP', 123, 'esp32')
    check_performance('RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP', 19001, 'esp32')

The above example would first get the threshold values of the performance item RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP from :idf_file:`components/idf_test/include/idf_performance.h` and the target-specific one :idf_file:`components/idf_test/include/esp32/idf_performance_target.h`, then check if the value reached the minimum limit or exceeded the maximum limit.

Let us assume the value of IDF_PERFORMANCE_MAX_RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP is 19000. so the first check_performance line would pass and the second one would fail with warning: [Performance] RSA_2048KEY_PUBLIC_OP value is 19001, doesn\'t meet pass standard 19000.0.

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ESP-IDF Tests with Pytest Guide

Installation

Common Concepts

pytest in ESP-IDF

Single DUT Test Cases

Getting Started

Same App with Different sdkconfig Files

Same App with Different sdkconfig Files, Different Targets

Testing Serial Output (Expecting)

Multi-DUT Test Cases

Multi-Target Tests with the Same App

Multi-Target Tests with Different Apps

Test Cases with Unity Test Framework

Running Target Tests in CI

Build Jobs

Target Test Jobs

Running Tests Locally

Installation

Build Directories

Test Your Test Script

Single-DUT Test Cases with sdkconfig.defaults

Single-DUT Test Cases with sdkconfig.ci.xxx

Multi-DUT Test Cases

Debug CI Test Cases

Pytest Tips and Tricks

Custom Classes

Mark Flaky Tests

Mark Known Failures

Mark Nightly Run Test Cases

Mark Temporarily Disabled in CI

Add New Markers

Skip Auto Flash Binary

Record Statistics

Logging System

log_performance

check_performance

Further Readings

Single-DUT Test Cases with `sdkconfig.defaults`

Single-DUT Test Cases with `sdkconfig.ci.xxx`

`log_performance`

`check_performance`