IAM Vulnerable

Use Terraform to create your own vulnerable by design AWS IAM privilege escalation playground.

IAM Vulnerable uses the Terraform binary and your AWS credentials to deploy over 250 IAM resources into your selected AWS account. Within minutes, you can start learning how to identify and exploit vulnerable IAM configurations that allow for privilege escalation.

IAM Vulnerable's big brother - CloudFoxable

Hey all. IAM Vulnerable is still immensely useful for understanding the basic building blocks of AWS IAM privilege escaltion. However, a few years after making IAM vulnerable, I created CloudFoxable, a CTF style version that teachers you the basics of cloud penetration testing more wholisisticlly.

Intentionally Vulnerable Playground

• CloudFoxable - A Gamified Cloud Hacking Sandbox

Want to chat about IAM-Vulnerable, CloudFox, and CloudFoxable?

Join us on the RedSec discord server

🦊 Currently supported privilege escalation paths: 31

Table of Contents

• IAM Vulnerable
• Recommended Approach
• Detailed Usage Instructions
• Quick Start
  • What resources were just created?
  • How much is this going to cost?
• A Modular Approach
  • Free resource modules
  • Non-free resource modules
• Supported Privilege Escalation Paths
• Other Use Cases
• FAQ

Recommended Approach

1. Select or create an AWS account - Do NOT use an account that has any production resources or sensitive data.
2. Create your vulnerable playground - Use this repo to create the IAM principals and policies that support 31 unique AWS IAM privesc paths.
3. Do your homework - Learn about the 21 original privesc paths pioneered by Spencer Gietzen.
4. Hacky, hack - Practice exploitation in your new playground using Gerben Kleijn's guide.
5. Level up - Run your tools against your new IAM privesc playground account (i.e., Cloudsplaining, AWSPX, Principal Mapper, Pacu).

Detailed Usage Instructions

Blog Post: IAM Vulnerable - An AWS IAM Privilege Escalation Playground

Quick Start

This quick start outlines an opinionated approach to getting IAM Vulnerable up and running in your AWS account as quickly as possible. You might have many of these steps already completed, or you might want to tweak things to work with your current configuration. Check out the Other Use Cases section in this repository for some additional configuration options.

1. Select or create an AWS account. (Do NOT use an account that has any production resources or sensitive data!)
2. Create a non-root user with administrative access that you will use when running Terraform.
3. Create an access key for that user.
4. Install the AWS CLI.
5. Configure your AWS CLI with your newly created admin user as the default profile.
6. Confirm your CLI is working as expected by executing aws sts get-caller-identity.
7. Install the Terraform binary and add the binary location to your path.
8. git clone https://github.com/BishopFox/iam-vulnerable
9. cd iam-vulnerable/
10. terraform init
11. (Optional) export TF_VAR_aws_local_profile=PROFILE_IN_AWS_CREDENTIALS_FILE_IF_OTHER_THAN_DEFAULT
12. (Optional) export TF_VAR_aws_local_creds_file=FILE_LOCATION_IF_NON_DEFAULT
13. (Optional) terraform plan
14. terraform apply
15. (Optional) Add the IAM vulnerable profiles to your AWS credentials file, and change the account number.
    • The following commands make a backup of your current AWS credentials file, then takes the example credentials file from the repo and replaces the placeholder account with your target account number, and finally adds all of the IAM Vulnerable privesc profiles to your credentials file so you can use them:
    • cp ~/.aws/credentials ~/.aws/credentials.backup
    • tail -n +7 aws_credentials_file_example | sed s/111111111111/$(aws sts get-caller-identity | grep Account | awk -F\" '{print $4}')/g >> ~/.aws/credentials

Cleanup

Whenever you want to remove all of the IAM Vulnerable-created resources, you can run these commands:

1. cd iam-vulnerable/
2. terraform destroy

What resources were just created?

The Terraform binary just used your default AWS account profile credentials to create:

• 31 users, roles, and policies each with a unique exploit path to administrative access of the playground account
• Some additional users, groups, roles, and policies that are required to fully realize certain exploit paths
• Some additional users, roles, and policies that test the detection capabilities of other tools

By default, every role created by this Terraform module is assumable by the user or role you used to run Terraform.

• If you'd like Terraform to use a profile other than the default profile, or you'd like to hard-code the assume_role_policy ARN, see Other Use Cases.

How much is this going to cost?

Deploying IAM vulnerable in its default configuration will cost nothing. See the next section to learn how to enable non-default modules that do incur cost, and how much each module will cost per month if you deploy it.

A Modular Approach

IAM Vulnerable groups certain resources together in modules. Some of the modules are enabled by default (the ones that don't have any cost implications), and others are disabled by default (the ones that incur cost if deployed). This way, you can enable specific modules as needed.

For example, when you are ready to play with the exploit paths like ssm:StartSession that involve resources outside of IAM, you can deploy and tear down these resources on demand by uncommenting the module in the iam-vulnerable/main.tf file, and re-running terraform apply:

# Uncomment the next four lines to create an ec2 instance and related resources
#module "ec2" {
#  source = "./modules/non-free-resources/ec2"
#  aws_assume_role_arn = (var.aws_assume_role_arn != "" ? var.aws_assume_role_arn : data.aws_caller_identity.current.arn)
#}

After you uncomment the ec2 module, run:

terraform init
terraform apply

You have now deployed the required components to try the SSM privesc paths.

Free Resource Modules

There is no cost to anything deployed within free-resources:

Name	Default Status	Estimated Cost	Description
privesc-paths	Enabled	None	Contains all of the IAM privesc paths
tool-testing	Enabled	None	Contains test cases that evaluate the capabilities of the different IAM privesc tools

Non-free Resource Modules

Deploying these additional modules can result in cost:

Name	Default Status	Estimated Cost	Description	Required for
EC2	Disabled	💲 $4.50/month	Creates an EC2 instance and a security group that allows SSH from anywhere	ssm-SendCommand ssm-StartSession ec2InstanceConnect-SendSSHPublicKey
Lambda	Disabled	🙂 Monthly cost depends on usage (cost should be zero)	Creates a Lambda function	Lambda-EditExistingLambdaFunctionWithRole
Glue	Disabled	💲💲💲💲 $4/hour	Creates a Glue dev endpoint	Glue-UpdateExistingGlueDevEndpoint
SageMaker	Disabled	Not sure yet	Creates a SageMaker notebook	sageMakerCreatePresignedNotebookURL
CloudFormation	Disabled	🙂 $0.40/month for the secret created via CloudFormation. Nothing or barely nothing for the stack itself	Creates a CloudFormation stack that creates a secret in secret manager	privesc-cloudFormationUpdateStack

Supported Privilege Escalation Paths

Path Name	IAM Vulnerable Profile Name	Non-Default Modules Required	Exploitation References
Category: IAM Permissions on Other Users
IAM-CreateAccessKey	privesc4	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 04 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 3
IAM-CreateLoginProfile	privesc5	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 05 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 3
IAM-UpdateLoginProfile	privesc6	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 06 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 3
Category: PassRole to Service
CloudFormation-PassExistingRoleToCloudFormation	privesc20	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 20
CodeBuild-CreateProjectPassRole	privesc-codeBuildProject	None
DataPipeline-PassExistingRoleToNewDataPipeline	privesc21	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 21
EC2-CreateInstanceWithExistingProfile	privesc3	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 03 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 2
Glue-PassExistingRoleToNewGlueDevEndpoint	privesc18	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 18
Lambda-PassExistingRoleToNewLambdaThenInvoke	privesc15	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 15
Lambda-PassRoleToNewLambdaThenTrigger	privesc16	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 16
SageMaker-CreateNotebookPassRole	privesc-sageNotebook	None	🦏 AWS IAM Privilege Escalation - Method 2
SageMaker-CreateTrainingJobPassRole	privesc-sageTraining	None
SageMaker-CreateProcessingJobPassRole	privesc-sageProcessing	None
Category: Permissions on Policies
IAM-AddUserToGroup	privesc13	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 13
IAM-AttachGroupPolicy	privesc8	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 08
IAM-AttachRolePolicy	privesc9	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 09
IAM-AttachUserPolicy	privesc7	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 07
IAM-CreateNewPolicyVersion	privesc1	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 01 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 1
IAM-PutGroupPolicy	privesc11	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 11
IAM-PutRolePolicy	privesc12	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 12
IAM-PutUserPolicy	privesc10	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 10
IAM-SetExistingDefaultPolicyVersion	privesc2	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 02 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 2
Category: Privilege Escalation using AWS Services
EC2InstanceConnect-SendSSHPublicKey	privesc-instanceConnect	EC2	🔑 AWS IAM privilege escalation paths
CloudFormation-UpdateStack	privesc-cfUpdateStack	CloudFormation	🔑 AWS IAM privilege escalation paths
Glue-UpdateExistingGlueDevEndpoint	privesc19	Glue	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 19
Lambda-EditExistingLambdaFunctionWithRole	privesc17	Lambda	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 17 🔒 s3cur3.it IAMVulnerable - Part 4
SageMakerCreatePresignedNotebookURL	privesc-sageUpdateURL	Sagemaker	🦏 AWS IAM Privilege Escalation - Method 3
SSM-SendCommand	privesc-ssm-command	EC2	🔑 AWS IAM privilege escalation paths
SSM-StartSession	privesc-ssm-session	EC2	🔑 AWS IAM privilege escalation paths
STS-AssumeRole	privesc-assumerole	None	🔑 AWS IAM privilege escalation paths
Category: Updating an AssumeRole Policy
IAM-UpdatingAssumeRolePolicy	privesc14	None	🦊 Well, That Escalated Quickly - Privesc 14

Other Use Cases

Default - No terraform.tfvars configured

• Deploy using your default AWS profile (Default)
• All created roles are assumable by the principal used to run Terraform (specified in your default profile)

Use a profile other than the default to run Terraform

• Copy terraform.tfvars.example to terraform.tvvars
• Uncomment the line #aws_local_profile = "profile_name" and enter the profile name you'd like to use
• If you are using a non-default profile, and still want to use the aws_credentails_file_example file, you can use this command to generate an AWS credentials file that works with your non-default profile name (Thanks @scriptingislife)
  • Remember to replace nondefaultuser with the profile name you are using):
  • tail -n +7 aws_credentials_file_example | sed -e "s/111111111111/$(aws sts get-caller-identity | grep Account | awk -F\" '{print $4}')/g;s/default/nondefaultuser/g" >> ~/.aws/credentials

Use an ARN other than the caller as the principal that can assume the newly created roles

• Copy terraform.tfvars.example to terraform.tvvars
• Uncomment the line #aws_assume_role_arn = "arn:aws:iam::112233445566:user/you" and enter the ARN you'd like to use

Once created, each of the privesc roles will be assumable by the principal (ARN) you specified.

Create the resource in account X, but use an ARN from account Y as the principal that can assume the newly created roles

If you have configured AWS CLI profiles that assume roles into other accounts, you will want to specify the profile name AND manually specify the ARN you'd like to use to assume into the different roles.

In the example below, the resources will be created in the account that is tied to "prod-cross-org-access-role", but each role that Terraform creates can be accessed by "arn:aws:iam::112233445566:user/you", which belongs to another account.

aws_local_profile = "prod-cross-org-access-role"
aws_assume_role_arn = "arn:aws:iam::112233445566:user/you"

FAQ

How does IAM Vulnerable compare to CloudGoat, Terragoat, and SadCloud?

All of these tools use Terraform to deploy intentionally vulnerable infrastructure to AWS. However, IAM Vulnerable's focus is IAM privilege escalation, whereas the other tools either don't cover IAM privesc or only cover some scenarios.

• CloudGoat deploys eight unique scenarios, some of which cover IAM privesc paths, while others focus on other areas like secrets in EC2 metadata.
• Terragoat and SadCloud both focus on the many ways you can misconfigure your cloud accounts, but do not cover IAM privesc paths. In fact, you can almost think of IAM vulnerable as a missing puzzle piece when applied along side Terragoat or SadCloud. The intentionally vulnerable configurations complement each other.

How does IAM Vulnerable compare to Cloudsplaining, AWSPX, Principal Mapper, Pacu, Cloudmapper, or ScouteSuite?

All of these tools help identify existing misconfigurations in your AWS environment. Some, like Pacu, also help you exploit misconfigurations. In contrast, IAM Vulnerable creates intentionally vulnerable infrastructure. If you really want to learn how to use tools like Principal Mapper (PMapper), AWSPX, Pacu, and Cloudsplaining, IAM Vulnerable is for you.

I've never used Terraform and I'm afraid of it. Help!?

I was also afraid of Terraform and projects that would create resources in my account before I knew how Terraform worked. Here are some things that might ease your anxiety:

• By using an AWS account for this single purpose, you can rest assured that this repository won't negatively impact anything else you care about. Even if you deploy IAM Vulnerable to a separate account in an AWS organization, you can rest assured that the other accounts in the org will be outside the blast radius of this playground account.
• The terraform plan command is a dry run. It shows you exactly what will be deployed if you run terraform apply before you actually run it.
• Rest assured knowing that you can terraform destroy anything you terraform apply for a clean slate.
• If your concern is cost, check out Infracost. You download this binary, register for a free API key, and execute it within a Terraform directory like iam-vulnerable. This tool runs terraform plan and calculates the monthly cost associated with the plan as it is currently configured. This is the tool I used to populate the module cost estimates table above.

Can I run this tool and another tool like CloudGoat, Terragoat, or SadCloud in the same AWS account?

Yes. Each tool will keep its Terraform state separately, but all resources will be created, updated, and deleted in the same account, and they can coexist.

Prior work and good references

• https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/AWS-IAM-Privilege-Escalation
• https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/
• https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation-part-2/
• https://labs.bishopfox.com/tech-blog/privilege-escalation-in-aws
• https://ermetic.com/whats-new/blog/aws/auditing-passrole-a-problematic-privilege-escalation-permission/