fix: ensure table route metadata is eventually rolled back on failure

[WenyXu]

I hereby agree to the terms of the GreptimeDB CLA.

Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

What's changed and what's your intention?

Although the initial implementation included rollback logic, it wasn't guaranteed to execute in all cases (e.g., when the maximum retry count was exceeded). This PR ensures that metadata rollback is reliably performed even when the maximum retry count is reached, except in rare cases where rollback is impossible, such as etcd failures.

This PR also increases the lock granularity. In multi-partition table scenarios, optimistic metadata updates were not as effective as expected and resulted in broken metadata.

Checklist

• I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• This PR requires documentation updates.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 68.45638% with 47 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 83.86%. Comparing base (bfc777e) to head (664c941).
Report is 27 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #5174      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   84.04%   83.86%   -0.18%     
==========================================
  Files        1173     1178       +5     
  Lines      218819   219220     +401     
==========================================
- Hits       183904   183854      -50     
- Misses      34915    35366     +451