Implemented try-catch block statements for catching and handling errors

[Luna-Klatzer]

What type of change does this PR perform?

• Info or documentation change (Non-breaking change that updates repo info files (e.g. README.md, CONTRIBUTING.md, etc.) or online documentation)
• Website (Change that changes the design or functionality of the websites or docs)
• Development or internal changes (These changes do not add new features or fix bugs, but update the code in other ways)
• Bug fix (Non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (Non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (Major bug fix or feature that would cause existing functionality not to work as expected.)
• Requires a documentation update, as it changes language or compiler behaviour

Summary

Implemented try-catch block statements for catching and handling errors. This PR simply implements a similar system which is already present in JavaScript, but with additional syntax sugar.

Closes #654

Detailed Changelog

Not present for website/docs changes

WIP...

Does this PR create new warnings?

WIP...

Linked issues or PRs

• [Feature] Implement try/catch statement to handle exceptions #654

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 93.44262% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 83.96%. Comparing base (393c994) to head (49b699d).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...tements/try-catch-statement/try-catch-statement.ts	93.10%	2 Missing ⚠️
kipper/target-js/src/code-generator.ts	91.30%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##           dev-next     #694      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     83.85%   83.96%   +0.10%     
============================================
  Files           283      285       +2     
  Lines          4938     4994      +56     
  Branches        544      551       +7     
============================================
+ Hits           4141     4193      +52     
- Misses          651      655       +4     
  Partials        146      146              

Flag	Coverage Δ
	83.96% <93.44%> (+0.10%)	⬆️

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