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Filip Ginter committed Dec 10, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -82,25 +82,50 @@ <h2><code>nsubj:outer</code>: outer clause nominal subject</h2>
to signal that it is not the subject of the nested clause.
See discussion of <a href="../overview/complex-syntax.html#predicate-clauses">Predicate Clauses</a>.</p>

<pre><code class="language-sdparse">-ROOT- Ape kwá Deus akangaiwasawa puranga piri apigawa-itá ukwawasawa suí .
advmod(puranga, Ape)
det(akangaiwasawa, kwá)
nmod:poss(akangaiwasawa, Deus)
nsubj:outer(puranga, akangaiwasawa)
root(-ROOT-, puranga)
advmod(puranga, piri)
nsubj(ukwawasawa, apigawa-itá)
obl(puranga, ukwawasawa)
case(ukwawasawa, suí)
punct(puranga, .)
<pre><code class="language-sdparse">-ROOT- The problem is that this has never been tried .
nsubj:outer(tried, problem)
cop(tried, is)
mark(tried, that)
nsubj:pass(tried, this)
aux(tried, has)
advmod(tried, never)
aux:pass(tried, been)
root(-ROOT-, tried)
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="language-sdparse">The title is Some Like It Hot .
nsubj:outer(Like, title)
cop(Like, is)
nsubj(Like, Some)
obj(Like, It)
xcomp(Like, Hot)
</code></pre>

<p>There may be an outer subject with no inner subject:</p>

<pre><code class="language-sdparse">The important thing is to keep calm .
nsubj:outer(keep, thing)
cop(keep, is)
mark(keep, to)
xcomp(keep, calm)
</code></pre>

<p>The clausal counterpart of this relation is <a href="">csubj:outer</a>.</p>

<p>Only subjects are required to be distinguished in this way. There may, for example, be inner and outer copulas, both attaching as <a href="">cop</a>:</p>

<pre><code class="language-sdparse">The important thing is to be calm .
nsubj:outer(calm, thing)
cop(calm, is)
mark(calm, to)
cop(calm, be)
</code></pre>

<p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">:outer</code> subtype is <em>not</em> intended for most nominal subjects of copular clauses—only those where the predicate is itself a clause.
Plain <a href="">nsubj</a> (or another subtype) will be appropriate if the copular clause predicate is a nominal, adjective, etc.:</p>

<pre><code class="language-sdparse">Nhaã papera puranga .
nsubj(puranga, papera)
<pre><code class="language-sdparse">That book is very good .
nsubj(good, book)
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="language-sdparse">The title is Green Eggs and Ham .
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