This PR is the solution to the 'js basics' #1

1-js-basics/1-data-types/excercise.js

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+// let myVariable;
+// myVariable has now been declared using the let keyword. It currently doesn't have a value.
+
+let myVariable = 123;
+// The above is called an explicit initialization when a variable is declared and is assigned a value at the same time.
+
+const PI = 3;
+// PI = 4; // not allowed
+// Constants must be initialized, or an error will occur when running code.
+// The reference of a constant cannot be changed once initialized, or an error will occur when running code.
+
+let myString1 = "Hello";
+let myString2 = "World";
+
+myString1 + myString2 + "!"; //HelloWorld!
+myString1 + " " + myString2 + "!"; //Hello World!
+myString1 + ", " + myString2 + "!"; //Hello, World!
+// Template literals are another way to format strings, except instead of quotes, the backtick is used. Anything that is not plain text must be placed inside placeholders ${ }. This includes any variables that may be strings.
+
+// Challenge
+
+// 1. Case Sensitivity
+let age = 1; 
+let Age = 2; 
+console.log(age == Age); // false
+// JavaScript is case-sensitive, meaning age and Age are treated as entirely different variables.
+
+// 2. Type Coercion
+console.log(1 == '1'); // true
+console.log(1 === '1'); // false
+// == performs type coercion, converting '1' (string) to 1 (number) before comparing.
+// === is a strict equality operator and doesn't perform type coercion, so it compares both value and type.
+
+// 3. numm vs. undefined
+console.log(null == undefined); // true
+console.log(null === undefined); // false
+
+// null and undefined are considered loosely equal (==) because they both represent "absence of value".
+// They are not strictly equal (===) because null is an object type and undefined is a primitive type.
+
+// 4. NaN is Not Equal to Itself
+console.log(NaN == NaN); // false
+console.log(NaN === NaN); // false
+// NaN (Not-a-Number) is unique in that it is not equal to anything, including itself. Use Number.isNaN(value) to check for NaN.
+
+// 5. Typeof Difference
+console.log(typeof null); // "object"
+console.log(typeof NaN); // "number"
+// typeof null returns "object" because of a historical bug in JavaScript that was never fixed for backward compatibility.
+// typeof NaN returns "number" because NaN is technically a special value of the number type.

1-js-basics/1-data-types/solution1.md

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+# Solution for 1: data types
+
+The question is quite simple. We need to mention the data types that we would need to complete a shopping experience.
+
+The experience can be divided into 5 different parts:
+
+## User Login detials
+| Name (Property) | Data Type | Reason                                                                                  |
+|------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `id`            | String    | - Unique identifier for the user.                                                     <br> - String is used as it will be a combination of letters and numbers. |
+| `name`          | String    | - Name of Customer.                                                                   <br> - String is used to store names. |
+| `email`         | String    | - Authentication.                                                                     <br> - Combination of letters, numbers, and special characters. |
+| `isLoggedIn`    | Boolean   | - Check the status of a session.                                                      <br> - A user can be logged in or not, thus Boolean. |
+
+---
+
+## Product Information
+| Name (Property) | Data Type | Reason                                                                                  |
+|------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `id`            | String    | - Unique identifier for each product.                                                 <br> - String is used as it will be a combination of letters and numbers. |
+| `name`          | String    | - Name of Product.                                                                    <br> - String is used to store names. |
+| `price`         | Double    | - Represents the cost of the product.                                                 <br> - Number is used to perform final cost calculations. |
+| `quantity`      | Integer   | - Number of products available.                                                       |
+| `isAvailable`   | Boolean   | - Checks if a product is available or not.                                            <br> - A product can be available or not, thus Boolean. |
+
+---
+
+## Shopping Cart
+| Name (Property) | Data Type | Reason                                                                                  |
+|------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `items`         | Array     | - Holds all the products added to the cart.                                           |
+| `totalPrice`    | Double    | - Sum of prices will be a double.                                                     |
+| `discount`      | Double    | - Stores discount percentage or amount.                                               |
+
+---
+
+## Payment Details
+| Name (Property) | Data Type | Reason                                                                                  |
+|------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `cardNumber`    | String    | - Allows payment processing systems to validate it.                                    <br> - It will be a combination of numbers and dashes. |
+| `totalPaid`     | Double    | - Reflects the final amount after discounts.                                           |
+
+---
+
+## Order Summary
+| Name (Property) | Data Type | Reason                                                                                  |
+|------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `orderId`       | String    | - Unique identifier for each order.                                                    |
+| `items`         | Array     | - Lists purchased products.                                                            |
+| `totalPrice`    | Double    | - Reflects the amount charged.                                                         |
+| `deliveryDate`  | String    | - Displays the estimated delivery date.                                                |

1-js-basics/2-functions-methods/exercise2.js

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+// a function is a block of code we can execute on demand. This is perfect for scenarios where we need to perform the same task multiple times
+
+// Syntax
+function nameOfFunction() { // function definition
+    // function definition/body
+}
+
+
+// Whenever we want to call (or invoke) our function, we use the name of the function followed by ()
+
+// If we want to make it a little more flexible, like allowing someone to specify the name of the person to greet, we can add a parameter. A parameter (also sometimes called an argument), is additional information sent to a function
+// Syntax
+function name(param, param2, param3) {
+
+}
+
+function displayGreeting(name) {
+    const message = `Hello, ${name}!`;
+    console.log(message);
+  }
+  displayGreeting('Prarthana');
+  // displays "Hello, Prarthana!" when run
+  //  If someone doesn't want to customize it, we provide a default value instead. To provide a default value to a parameter, we set it much in the same way we set a value for a variable
+
+  function displayGreeting2(name, salutation='Hello') {
+    console.log(`${salutation}, ${name}`);
+  }
+  displayGreeting2('Prarthana', 'Hi');
+// displays "Hi, Prarthana"
+
+// A return value is returned by the function, and can be stored in a variable just the same as we could store a literal value such as a string or number.
+
+
+
+// It uses a special indicator of =>, which looks like an arrow - thus the name! By using =>, we are able to skip the function keyword
+// Syntax
+setTimeout(() => {
+    console.log('3 seconds has elapsed');
+  }, 3000);
+
+// Challenge
+
+// Functions are standalone blocks of code that perform tasks, while methods are functions associated with an object and can access and modify the object's data.
+// Functions are independent and can be called on their own, whereas methods are tied to objects and operate on the object's attributes.

1-js-basics/2-functions-methods/solution2.md

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+# Solution for 2: Data Types
+
+This assignment will familiarise you with the use of functions in different situations.
+
+## Function that returns something:
+
+```
+function addNumbers(a, b) {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+// Example usage:
+const result = addNumbers(1, 2);
+console.log(`Sum: ${result}`); // Output: Sum: 3
+
+
+```
+## Function that doesn't return anything
+
+```
+def greet_user(name):
+function greetUser(name) {
+    console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
+}
+
+// Example usage:
+greetUser("Prarthana"); // Output: Hello, Prarthana!
+
+
+```
+## Function with no Parameters
+
+```
+function printMessage() {
+    console.log("Dream Team Task: 04");
+}
+printMessage(); 
+
+```
+## Function with mix parameters
+
+```
+function introducePerson(name, age = 20, city = "Hyd") {
+    return `My name is ${name}, I am ${age} years old, and I live in ${city}.`;
+}
+const intro1 = introducePerson("Prarthana");
+console.log(intro1);
+
+```