Drop Python 2 (woohoo!) and import matplotlib as mpl

anngo9 · Jan 16, 2019 · f371850 · f371850
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diff --git a/01_the_machine_learning_landscape.ipynb b/01_the_machine_learning_landscape.ipynb
diff --git a/02_end_to_end_machine_learning_project.ipynb b/02_end_to_end_machine_learning_project.ipynb
@@ -11,13 +11,6 @@
     "*This notebook contains all the sample code and solutions to the exercices in chapter 2.*"
    ]
   },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Note**: You may find little differences between the code outputs in the book and in these Jupyter notebooks: these slight differences are mostly due to the random nature of many training algorithms: although I have tried to make these notebooks' outputs as constant as possible, it is impossible to guarantee that they will produce the exact same output on every platform. Also, some data structures (such as dictionaries) do not preserve the item order. Finally, I fixed a few minor bugs (I added notes next to the concerned cells) which lead to slightly different results, without changing the ideas presented in the book."
-   ]
-  },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
@@ -29,7 +22,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
+    "First, let's import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures. We also check that Python 3.5 or later is installed (although Python 2.x may work, it is deprecated so we strongly recommend you use Python 3 instead)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -38,8 +31,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
-    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
+    "# Python ≥3.5 is required\n",
+    "import sys\n",
+    "assert sys.version_info >= (3, 5)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Common imports\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -50,11 +44,11 @@
     "\n",
     "# To plot pretty figures\n",
     "%matplotlib inline\n",
-    "import matplotlib\n",
+    "import matplotlib as mpl\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
+    "mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Where to save the figures\n",
     "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
@@ -5794,7 +5788,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 3 - tf2",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -5808,7 +5802,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.6"
+   "version": "3.6.8"
   },
   "nav_menu": {
    "height": "279px",

diff --git a/03_classification.ipynb b/03_classification.ipynb
diff --git a/04_training_linear_models.ipynb b/04_training_linear_models.ipynb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
+    "First, let's import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures. We also check that Python 3.5 or later is installed (although Python 2.x may work, it is deprecated so we strongly recommend you use Python 3 instead)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -34,8 +34,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
-    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
+    "# Python ≥3.5 is required\n",
+    "import sys\n",
+    "assert sys.version_info >= (3, 5)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Common imports\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -46,11 +47,11 @@
     "\n",
     "# To plot pretty figures\n",
     "%matplotlib inline\n",
-    "import matplotlib\n",
+    "import matplotlib as mpl\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
+    "mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Where to save the figures\n",
     "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
@@ -2681,7 +2682,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 3 - tf2",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -2695,7 +2696,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.6"
+   "version": "3.6.8"
   },
   "nav_menu": {},
   "toc": {

diff --git a/05_support_vector_machines.ipynb b/05_support_vector_machines.ipynb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
+    "First, let's import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures. We also check that Python 3.5 or later is installed (although Python 2.x may work, it is deprecated so we strongly recommend you use Python 3 instead)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
-    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
+    "# Python ≥3.5 is required\n",
+    "import sys\n",
+    "assert sys.version_info >= (3, 5)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Common imports\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -41,11 +42,11 @@
     "\n",
     "# To plot pretty figures\n",
     "%matplotlib inline\n",
-    "import matplotlib\n",
+    "import matplotlib as mpl\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
+    "mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Where to save the figures\n",
     "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
@@ -2906,7 +2907,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 3 - tf2",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -2920,7 +2921,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.6"
+   "version": "3.6.8"
   },
   "nav_menu": {},
   "toc": {

diff --git a/06_decision_trees.ipynb b/06_decision_trees.ipynb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
+    "First, let's import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures. We also check that Python 3.5 or later is installed (although Python 2.x may work, it is deprecated so we strongly recommend you use Python 3 instead)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -34,8 +34,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
-    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
+    "# Python ≥3.5 is required\n",
+    "import sys\n",
+    "assert sys.version_info >= (3, 5)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Common imports\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -46,11 +47,11 @@
     "\n",
     "# To plot pretty figures\n",
     "%matplotlib inline\n",
-    "import matplotlib\n",
+    "import matplotlib as mpl\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
+    "mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Where to save the figures\n",
     "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
@@ -995,7 +996,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 3 - tf2",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -1009,7 +1010,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.6"
+   "version": "3.6.8"
   },
   "nav_menu": {
    "height": "309px",

diff --git a/07_ensemble_learning_and_random_forests.ipynb b/07_ensemble_learning_and_random_forests.ipynb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
+    "First, let's import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures. We also check that Python 3.5 or later is installed (although Python 2.x may work, it is deprecated so we strongly recommend you use Python 3 instead)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -34,8 +34,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
-    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
+    "# Python ≥3.5 is required\n",
+    "import sys\n",
+    "assert sys.version_info >= (3, 5)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Common imports\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -46,11 +47,11 @@
     "\n",
     "# To plot pretty figures\n",
     "%matplotlib inline\n",
-    "import matplotlib\n",
+    "import matplotlib as mpl\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
+    "mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Where to save the figures\n",
     "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
@@ -1035,7 +1036,7 @@
    "source": [
     "def plot_digit(data):\n",
     "    image = data.reshape(28, 28)\n",
-    "    plt.imshow(image, cmap = matplotlib.cm.hot,\n",
+    "    plt.imshow(image, cmap = mpl.cm.hot,\n",
     "               interpolation=\"nearest\")\n",
     "    plt.axis(\"off\")"
    ]
@@ -2546,7 +2547,7 @@
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 3 - tf2",
    "language": "python",
    "name": "python3"
   },
@@ -2560,7 +2561,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.6"
+   "version": "3.6.8"
   },
   "nav_menu": {
    "height": "252px",

diff --git a/08_dimensionality_reduction.ipynb b/08_dimensionality_reduction.ipynb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
+    "First, let's import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures. We also check that Python 3.5 or later is installed (although Python 2.x may work, it is deprecated so we strongly recommend you use Python 3 instead)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
-    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
+    "# Python ≥3.5 is required\n",
+    "import sys\n",
+    "assert sys.version_info >= (3, 5)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Common imports\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -41,11 +42,11 @@
     "\n",
     "# To plot pretty figures\n",
     "%matplotlib inline\n",
-    "import matplotlib\n",
+    "import matplotlib as mpl\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
-    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
+    "mpl.rc('axes', labelsize=14)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('xtick', labelsize=12)\n",
+    "mpl.rc('ytick', labelsize=12)\n",
     "\n",
     "# Where to save the figures\n",
     "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
@@ -1225,7 +1226,7 @@
     "        rimages = images[row * images_per_row : (row + 1) * images_per_row]\n",
     "        row_images.append(np.concatenate(rimages, axis=1))\n",
     "    image = np.concatenate(row_images, axis=0)\n",
-    "    plt.imshow(image, cmap = matplotlib.cm.binary, **options)\n",
+    "    plt.imshow(image, cmap = mpl.cm.binary, **options)\n",
     "    plt.axis(\"off\")"
    ]
   },
@@ -2602,7 +2603,7 @@
    ],
    "source": [
     "plt.figure(figsize=(9,9))\n",
-    "cmap = matplotlib.cm.get_cmap(\"jet\")\n",
+    "cmap = mpl.cm.get_cmap(\"jet\")\n",
     "for digit in (2, 3, 5):\n",
     "    plt.scatter(X_reduced[y == digit, 0], X_reduced[y == digit, 1], c=[cmap(digit / 9)])\n",
     "plt.axis('off')\n",
@@ -2697,7 +2698,7 @@
     "    neighbors = np.array([[10., 10.]])\n",
     "    # The rest should be self-explanatory\n",
     "    plt.figure(figsize=figsize)\n",
-    "    cmap = matplotlib.cm.get_cmap(\"jet\")\n",
+    "    cmap = mpl.cm.get_cmap(\"jet\")\n",
     "    digits = np.unique(y)\n",
     "    for digit in digits:\n",
     "        plt.scatter(X_normalized[y == digit, 0], X_normalized[y == digit, 1], c=[cmap(digit / 9)])\n",