Migrate documentation for all math functions from scalar_functions.md to code

[alamb]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

As part of #12740 this ticket is to migrate all the existing documentation for the above named functions from the static documentation to code and to remove them from the static file.

Here is the current static content:

• doc source: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/blob/main/docs/source/user-guide/sql/scalar_functions.md
• rendered: https://datafusion.apache.org/user-guide/sql/scalar_functions.html
• Code source: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/tree/main/datafusion/functions/src/math

Need Functions:
(see source)

Describe the solution you'd like

One (or more) PRs that

1. port the documentation for the above named functions from the static docs to code
2. Bonus points: add sql examples should be added for all functions
3. Remove the documentation from the static docs
4. Run ./dev/update_function_docs.sh to update the dynamic documentation

Here are some example PRs of doing this:

1. Crypto Function Migration #12840 from @jonathanc-n
2. Migrate documentation for all string functions from scalar_functions.md to code  #12775 from @Omega359
3. Port / Add Documentation for VarianceSample and VariancePopulation #12742

Describe alternatives you've considered

No response

Additional context

No response

[alamb]

I think this is a good first issue as the pattern is clear and it would be a good way to learn how the process works

[juroberttyb]

take

[juroberttyb]

Hi @alamb, thank you for providing this opportunity for new comers to learn more about the repo!

I have opened a PR, could you or someone help me review it when you have time?

[alamb]

Thank you @juroberttyb -- I will review your PR shortly.

Sorry for the delay

[juroberttyb]

No problem at all. Thank you for the help!