Add links — chemistry (#925)

* Add links

* Fix links

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/avogadro_constant_is_particle_count_over_amount_of_substance.py

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 **Notation:**
 
 #. :quantity_notation:`avogadro_constant`.
+
+**Links:**
+
+#. `Chemistry LibreTexts, formula 2.10.1 <https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.10%3A_The_Avogadro_Constant>`__.
 """
 
 from sympy import Eq, solve

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/boundary_of_thermalization_zone_of_atomized_atoms_in_magnetron.py

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@
 ## N - the number of collisions of traveling atom with gas atoms (this is a statistical quantity, it can be integer, but it can be fractional as well),
 ## l - free path length of traveling atom.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `magnetron` folder?
+
 boundary_of_thermalization_zone = Symbol("boundary_of_thermalization_zone", units.length)
 
 number_of_collisions_of_atom = Symbol("number_of_collisions_of_atom", dimensionless)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/coefficient_of_volumetric_ionization_of_neutral_atoms_or_gas_molecules_by_electrons.py

@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@
 ## B - the second constant of gas,
 ## E - electric intensity.
 
+#. Links: StudFiles, formula 1.12 <https://studfile.net/preview/3079348/page:3/>
+# TODO: find English link
+
+# TODO: move to `ionization` folder?
+
 coefficient_of_volumetric_ionization = Symbol("coefficient_of_volumetric_ionization",
     1 / units.length)
 

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/cross_section_of_interaction_in_coulomb_interaction_model.py

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 ## e0 - electric constant,
 ## Ui - the ionization energy of atoms, expressed in volts.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `magnetron` folder?
+
 cross_sectional_area_of_interaction = Symbol("cross_sectional_area_of_interaction", units.area)
 
 ionization_energy = Symbol("ionization_energy", units.voltage)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/cross_section_of_interaction_in_elastic_interaction_model.py

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 ## C - Sutherland's constant,
 ## T - temperature.
 
+# Links: Wikipedia <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B>
+# TODO: find English link
+
 cross_sectional_area_of_interaction = Symbol("cross_sectional_area_of_interaction", units.area)
 
 diameter_of_atom = Symbol("diameter_of_atom", units.length)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/cross_section_of_interaction_in_model_of_quasirigid_spheres.py

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 ## g - the cross-sectional area of the interaction of particles,
 ## r - the distance of the greatest convergence of two colliding particles.
 
+# Links: Wikipedia, second formula <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)#Collision_among_gas_particles>
+
+# FIXME: shouldn't it be `(2*r)^2` as per the formula in the link?
+
 cross_sectional_area_of_interaction = Symbol("cross_sectional_area_of_interaction", units.area)
 
 distance_of_convergence_of_two_particles = Symbol("distance_of_convergence_of_two_particles",

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/cross_section_of_interaction_in_recharge_model.py

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 ## k - boltzmann constant,
 ## q - elementary charge.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `ionization` folder?
+
 cross_sectional_area_of_interaction = Symbol("cross_sectional_area_of_interaction", units.area)
 
 ionization_energy = Symbol("ionization_energy", units.energy)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/cross_section_of_ionization_of_atom_by_electron_by_granovsky.py

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@
 ## U - the energy of ionizing electrons,
 ## Umax - the electron energy corresponding to the maximum value of the ionization cross-sectional area.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `ionization` folder?
+
 cross_sectional_area_of_ionization = Symbol("cross_sectional_area_of_ionization", units.area)
 
 ionization_energy = Symbol("ionization_energy", units.energy)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/cross_section_of_ionization_of_atom_by_electron_by_lotz_drevin.py

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@
 ## Uh - hydrogen ionization energy,
 ## a0 - Bohr radius.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# FIXME: fix file name
+
+# TODO: move to `ionization` folder?
+
 cross_sectional_area_of_ionization = Symbol("cross_sectional_area_of_ionization", units.area)
 
 ionization_energy = Symbol("ionization_energy", units.energy)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/distance_of_greatest_convergence_of_particles_in_magnetron.py

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 ## Z1 - the atomic number of the first atom (traveling atom),
 ## Z2 - the atomic number of the second atom (gas atom).
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `magnetron` folder?
+
 distance_of_convergence_of_particles = Symbol("distance_of_convergence_of_particles", units.length)
 
 discharge_voltage = Symbol("discharge_voltage", units.voltage)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electric_intensity_in_gas_gap_between_two_electrodes.py

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 ## - Emittivity of the emitter is unlimited (emission of charged particles is much greater than current between electrodes)
 ## - Gaseous medium between electrodes
 
+# TODO: find link
+
 electric_intensity = Symbol("electric_intensity", units.voltage / units.length)
 
 coordinate = Symbol("coordinate", units.length)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electrochemistry/electrochemical_equivalent_from_molar_mass_and_valence.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from sympy import (Eq, solve)
 from sympy.physics.units import faraday_constant
-from symplyphysics import (units, Quantity, Symbol, print_expression, validate_input,
+from symplyphysics import (units, Quantity, Symbol, validate_input,
     validate_output, dimensionless)
 
 # Description
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 ## F - faraday constant
 ## n - valence.
 
+# Links: Wikipedia, derivable <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_equivalent>
+
 equivalent = Symbol("equivalent", units.mass / units.charge)
 
 molar_mass = Symbol("molar_mass", units.mass / units.amount_of_substance)
@@ -23,10 +25,6 @@
 law = Eq(equivalent, molar_mass / (faraday_constant * valence))
 
 
-def print_law() -> str:
-    return print_expression(law)
-
-
 @validate_input(molar_mass_=molar_mass, valence_=valence)
 @validate_output(equivalent)
 def calculate_equivalent(molar_mass_: Quantity, valence_: int) -> Quantity:

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electrochemistry/energy_of_an_electron_in_a_hydrogen_atom.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from sympy.physics.units import elementary_charge
 from sympy import (Eq, solve)
-from symplyphysics import (units, Quantity, Symbol, print_expression, validate_input,
+from symplyphysics import (units, Quantity, Symbol, validate_input,
     validate_output)
 
 # Description
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 ## e - charge of electron,
 ## r - radius of the Bohr orbit of electron.
 
+# Links: Wikipedia, derivable from first formula and formula for kinetic energy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electron_radius#>
+
 energy_of_electron = Symbol("energy_of_electron", units.energy)
 
 radius_of_electron = Symbol("radius_of_electron", units.length)
@@ -20,10 +22,6 @@
     units.coulomb_constant * elementary_charge**2 / (2 * radius_of_electron))
 
 
-def print_law() -> str:
-    return print_expression(law)
-
-
 @validate_input(radius_of_electron_=radius_of_electron)
 @validate_output(energy_of_electron)
 def calculate_energy_of_electron(radius_of_electron_: Quantity) -> Quantity:

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electrochemistry/mass_of_the_substance_deposited_on_electrode.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
     units,
     Quantity,
     Symbol,
-    print_expression,
     validate_input,
     validate_output,
     symbols,
@@ -20,6 +19,10 @@
 ## I - current,
 ## t - time.
 
+# Links: Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_laws_of_electrolysis#First_law>
+
+# TODO: replace `I * t` with charge `q`?
+
 equivalent = Symbol("equivalent", units.mass / units.charge)
 current = Symbol("current", units.current)
 time = Symbol("time", units.time)
@@ -28,10 +31,6 @@
 law = Eq(mass_deposited, equivalent * current * time)
 
 
-def print_law() -> str:
-    return print_expression(law)
-
-
 @validate_input(equivalent_=equivalent, current_=current, time_=time)
 @validate_output(mass_deposited)
 def calculate_mass(equivalent_: Quantity, current_: Quantity, time_: Quantity) -> Quantity:

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electron_distribution_function_in_gas_plasma_by_druyvestein.py

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 ## U - voltage between electrodes,
 ## We - electron energy.
 
+# Links: possible similar formula here <https://www.comsol.com/blogs/electron-energy-distribution-function>
+# TODO: find a more suitable link
+
 value_of_distribution_function = Symbol("value_of_distribution_function", dimensionless)
 
 voltage_between_electrodes = Symbol("voltage_between_electrodes", units.voltage)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electron_distribution_function_in_gas_plasma_by_maxwell.py

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 ## U - voltage between electrodes,
 ## We - electron energy.
 
+# Links: possible similar formula here <https://www.comsol.com/blogs/electron-energy-distribution-function>
+# TODO: find a more suitable link
+
 value_of_distribution_function = Symbol("value_of_distribution_function", dimensionless)
 
 voltage_between_electrodes = Symbol("voltage_between_electrodes", units.voltage)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/electronic_current_in_probe_circuit_in_gas_plasma.py

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 ## Uf - floating plasma potential,
 ## U - potential at the location of the probe.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
 current = Symbol("current", units.current)
 
 area_probe_surface = Symbol("area_probe_surface", units.area)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/energy_transfer_coefficient_for_elastic_scattering_of_traveling_atom_on_gas_atom_in_magnetron.py

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 ## M1 - the mass of the traveling atom,
 ## M2 - the mass of the gas atom.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
 energy_transfer_coefficient = Symbol("energy_transfer_coefficient", dimensionless)
 
 mass_of_traveling_atom = clone_as_symbol(symbols.mass, display_symbol="m_1", display_latex="m_1")

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/etching_rate_of_target_in_magnetron.py

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
 ## po - target density,
 ## Na - avogadro constant.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `magnetron` folder?
+
 etching_rate = Symbol("etching_rate", units.velocity)
 
 ion_current_density = Symbol("ion_current_density", units.current / units.area)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/free_path_of_atomic_particles_in_gaseous_medium.py

@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@
 ## P - pressure,
 ## g - the cross section of the interaction of a traveling atom and a gas atom.
 
+# Links: Wikipedia, the fourth formula <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path#Kinetic_theory_of_gases>
+
+# FIXME: hasn't an additional `sqrt(2)` factor been left out in the denominator?
+
+# TODO: move to `magnetron` folder?
+
 free_path_length = Symbol("free_path_length", units.length)
 
 pressure = Symbol("pressure", units.pressure)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/mass_of_film_deposited_during_electrolysis.py

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 ## q - elementary charge,
 ## Na - avogadro constant.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
 mass_of_film = symbols.mass
 
 current = Symbol("current", units.current)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/molar_mass_via_molecular_mass.py

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 **Notation:**
 
 #. :quantity_notation:`avogadro_constant`
+
+**Links:**
+
+#. `Wikipedia, formula in the second paragraph <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_constant#>`__.
 """
 
 from sympy import Eq, solve, Symbol as SymSymbol, Idx

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/number_density_via_volumetric_density_and_molar_mass.py

@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
 **Notation:**
 
 #. :quantity_notation:`avogadro_constant`.
+
+**Links:**
+
+#. `Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_density#Mass_density>`__.
 """
 
 from sympy import (Eq, solve)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/number_of_collisions_of_atomized_atom_with_gas_atoms_in_magnetron.py

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 ## Et - energy of thermal motion in a gas-discharge plasma,
 ## x - energy transfer coefficient between the traveling atom and the gas atoms.
 
+# TODO: find link
+
+# TODO: move to `magnetron` folder?
+
 number_of_collisions_of_atoms = Symbol("number_of_collisions_of_atoms", dimensionless)
 
 initial_energy = Symbol("initial_energy", units.energy)

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/potential_energy_models/hard_spheres_potential.py

@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
 **Conditions:**
 
 #. Spheres are identical.
+
+**Links**:
+
+#. `Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_spheres#Formal_definition>`__.
 """
 
 from sympy import Eq, Piecewise, S

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/potential_energy_models/lennard_jones_potential.py

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 It is a simple yet realistic model to describe intermolecular interactions: two particles repel each
 other at a very close distance, attract each other at moderate distance, and do not interact at infinite
 distance.
+
+**Links:**
+
+#. `Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential#Overview>`__.
 """
 
 from sympy import Eq

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/reaction_equilibrium_constant_via_standard_gibbs_energy.py

@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 
 #. The term "standard" applies to a solution of an infinite dilution and of a hypothetical standard
    concentration, typically 1 mol/kg.
+
+**Links:**
+
+#. `Wikipedia, derivable from the fifth equation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_constant#Basic_definitions_and_properties>`__.
 """
 
 from sympy import Eq, solve, exp

symplyphysics/laws/chemistry/velocity_of_directional_motion_of_charged_particles_in_gas.py

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 ## E - electric intensity,
 ## p - pressure.
 
+# Links: derivable from this assuming `mu = b0 / p` <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility#>
+
 velocity = Symbol("velocity", units.velocity)
 
 mobility_at_unit_pressure = Symbol("mobility_at_unit_pressure",