Pyleri is an easy-to-use parser created for SiriDB. We first used lrparsing and wrote jsleri for auto-completion and suggestions in our web console. Later we found small issues within the lrparsing module and also had difficulties keeping the language the same in all projects. That is when we decided to create Pyleri which can export a created grammar to JavaScript, C, Python, Go and Java.
Gabriele Tomassetti wrote a tutorial about the pyleri library.
The easiest way is to use PyPI:
sudo pip3 install pyleri
# Imports, note that we skip the imports in other examples...
from pyleri import (
Grammar,
Keyword,
Regex,
Sequence)
# Create a Grammar Class to define your language
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
k_hi = Keyword('hi')
START = Sequence(k_hi, r_name)
# Compile your grammar by creating an instance of the Grammar Class.
my_grammar = MyGrammar()
# Use the compiled grammar to parse 'strings'
print(my_grammar.parse('hi "Iris"').is_valid) # => True
print(my_grammar.parse('bye "Iris"').is_valid) # => False
print(my_grammar.parse('bye "Iris"').as_str()) # => error at position 0, expecting: hiWhen writing a grammar you should subclass Grammar. A Grammar expects at least a START property so the parser knows where to start parsing. Grammar has some default properties which can be overwritten like RE_KEYWORDS, which will be explained later. Grammar also has a parse method: parse(), and a few export methods: export_js(), export_c(), export_py(), export_go() and export_java() which are explained below.
syntax:
Grammar().parse(string)The parse() method returns a result object which has the following properties that are further explained in Result:
expectingis_validpostree
syntax:
Grammar().export_js(
js_module_name='jsleri',
js_template=Grammar.JS_TEMPLATE,
js_indent=' ' * 4)Optional keyword arguments:
js_module_name: Name of the JavaScript module. (default: 'jsleri')js_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.JS_TEMPLATE.js_indent: indentation used in the JavaScript file. (default: 4 spaces)
For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_js():
/* jshint newcap: false */
/*
* This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_js() method and
* should be used with the jsleri JavaScript module.
*
* Source class: MyGrammar
* Created at: 2015-11-04 10:06:06
*/
'use strict';
(function (
Regex,
Sequence,
Keyword,
Grammar
) {
var r_name = Regex('^(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+');
var k_hi = Keyword('hi');
var START = Sequence(
k_hi,
r_name
);
window.MyGrammar = Grammar(START, '^\w+');
})(
window.jsleri.Regex,
window.jsleri.Sequence,
window.jsleri.Keyword,
window.jsleri.Grammar
);syntax:
Grammar().export_c(
target=Grammar.C_TARGET,
c_indent=' ' * 4)Optional keyword arguments:
target: Name of the c module. (default: 'grammar')c_indent: indentation used in the c files. (default: 4 spaces)
The return value is a tuple containing the source (c) file and header (h) file.
For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_c():
/*
* grammar.c
*
* This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_c() method and
* should be used with the libcleri module.
*
* Source class: MyGrammar
* Created at: 2016-05-09 12:16:49
*/
#include "grammar.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#define CLERI_CASE_SENSITIVE 0
#define CLERI_CASE_INSENSITIVE 1
#define CLERI_FIRST_MATCH 0
#define CLERI_MOST_GREEDY 1
cleri_grammar_t * compile_grammar(void)
{
cleri_t * r_name = cleri_regex(CLERI_GID_R_NAME, "^(?:\"(?:[^\"]*)\")+");
cleri_t * k_hi = cleri_keyword(CLERI_GID_K_HI, "hi", CLERI_CASE_INSENSITIVE);
cleri_t * START = cleri_sequence(
CLERI_GID_START,
2,
k_hi,
r_name
);
cleri_grammar_t * grammar = cleri_grammar(START, "^\\w+");
return grammar;
}and the header file...
/*
* grammar.h
*
* This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_c() method and
* should be used with the libcleri module.
*
* Source class: MyGrammar
* Created at: 2016-05-09 12:16:49
*/
#ifndef CLERI_EXPORT_GRAMMAR_H_
#define CLERI_EXPORT_GRAMMAR_H_
#include <grammar.h>
#include <cleri/cleri.h>
cleri_grammar_t * compile_grammar(void);
enum cleri_grammar_ids {
CLERI_NONE, // used for objects with no name
CLERI_GID_K_HI,
CLERI_GID_R_NAME,
CLERI_GID_START,
CLERI_END // can be used to get the enum length
};
#endif /* CLERI_EXPORT_GRAMMAR_H_ */syntax:
Grammar().export_go(
go_template=Grammar.GO_TEMPLATE,
go_indent='\t',
go_package='grammar')Optional keyword arguments:
go_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.GO_TEMPLATE.go_indent: indentation used in the Go file. (default: one tab)go_package: Name of the go package. (default: 'grammar')
For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_go():
package grammar
// This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_go() method and
// should be used with the goleri module.
//
// Source class: MyGrammar
// Created at: 2017-03-14 19:07:09
import (
"regexp"
"github.com/cesbit/goleri"
)
// Element indentifiers
const (
NoGid = iota
GidKHi = iota
GidRName = iota
GidSTART = iota
)
// MyGrammar returns a compiled goleri grammar.
func MyGrammar() *goleri.Grammar {
rName := goleri.NewRegex(GidRName, regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+`))
kHi := goleri.NewKeyword(GidKHi, "hi", false)
START := goleri.NewSequence(
GidSTART,
kHi,
rName,
)
return goleri.NewGrammar(START, regexp.MustCompile(`^\w+`))
}syntax:
Grammar().export_java(
java_template=Grammar.JAVA_TEMPLATE,
java_indent=' ' * 4,
java_package=None,
is_public=True)Optional keyword arguments:
java_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.JAVA_TEMPLATE.java_indent: indentation used in the Java file. (default: four spaces)java_package: Name of the Java package or None when no package is specified. (default: None)is_public: Class and constructor are defined as public when True, else they will be defined as package private.
For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_java():
/**
* This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_java() method and
* should be used with the jleri module.
*
* Source class: MyGrammar
* Created at: 2018-07-04 12:12:34
*/
import jleri.Grammar;
import jleri.Element;
import jleri.Sequence;
import jleri.Regex;
import jleri.Keyword;
public class MyGrammar extends Grammar {
enum Ids {
K_HI,
R_NAME,
START
}
private static final Element R_NAME = new Regex(Ids.R_NAME, "^(?:\"(?:[^\"]*)\")+");
private static final Element K_HI = new Keyword(Ids.K_HI, "hi", false);
private static final Element START = new Sequence(
Ids.START,
K_HI,
R_NAME
);
public MyGrammar() {
super(START, "^\\w+");
}
}syntax:
Grammar().export_py(
py_module_name='pyleri',
py_template=Grammar.PY_TEMPLATE,
py_indent=' ' * 4)Optional keyword arguments:
py_module_name: Name of the Pyleri Module. (default: 'pyleri')py_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.PY_TEMPLATE.py_indent: indentation used in the Python file. (default: 4 spaces)
For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_py():
"""
This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_py() method and
should be used with the pyleri python module.
Source class: MyGrammar
Created at: 2017-03-14 19:14:51
"""
import re
from pyleri import Sequence
from pyleri import Keyword
from pyleri import Grammar
from pyleri import Regex
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
RE_KEYWORDS = re.compile('^\\w+')
r_name = Regex('^(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
k_hi = Keyword('hi')
START = Sequence(
k_hi,
r_name
)The result of the parse() method contains 4 properties that will be explained next. A function as_str(translate=None) is also available which will
show the result as a string. The translate argument should be a function which accepts an element as argument. This function can be used to
return custom strings for certain elements. If the return value of translate is None then the function will fall try to generate a string value. If
the return value is an empty string, the value will be ignored.
Example of translate functions:
# In case a translation function returns an empty string, no text is used
def translate(elem):
return '' # as a result you get something like: 'error at position x'
# Text may be returned based on gid
def translate(elem):
if elem is some_elem:
return 'A' # something like: error at position x, expecting: A
elif elem is other_elem:
return '' # other_elem will be ignored
else:
return None # normal parsing
# A translate function can be used as follow:
print(my_grammar.parse('some string').as_str(translate=translate))is_valid returns a boolean value, True when the given string is valid according to the given grammar, False when not valid.
Let us take the example from Quick usage.
res = my_grammar.parse('bye "Iris"')
print(res.is_valid) # => Falsepos returns the position where the parser had to stop. (when is_valid is True this value will be equal to the length of the given string with str.rstrip() applied)
Let us take the example from Quick usage.
result = my_grammar.parse('hi Iris')
print(res.is_valid, result.pos) # => False, 3tree contains the parse tree. Even when is_valid is False the parse tree is returned but will only contain results as far as parsing has succeeded. The tree is the root node which can include several children nodes. The structure will be further clarified in the following example which explains a way of visualizing the parse tree.
Example:
import json
from pyleri import Choice
from pyleri import Grammar
from pyleri import Keyword
from pyleri import Regex
from pyleri import Repeat
from pyleri import Sequence
# Create a Grammar Class to define your language
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
k_hi = Keyword('hi')
k_bye = Keyword('bye')
START = Repeat(Sequence(Choice(k_hi, k_bye), r_name))
# Returns properties of a node object as a dictionary:
def node_props(node, children):
return {
'start': node.start,
'end': node.end,
'name': node.element.name if hasattr(node.element, 'name') else None,
'element': node.element.__class__.__name__,
'string': node.string,
'children': children}
# Recursive method to get the children of a node object:
def get_children(children):
return [node_props(c, get_children(c.children)) for c in children]
# View the parse tree:
def view_parse_tree(res):
start = res.tree.children[0] \
if res.tree.children else res.tree
return node_props(start, get_children(start.children))
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Compile your grammar by creating an instance of the Grammar Class:
my_grammar = MyGrammar()
res = my_grammar.parse('hi "pyleri" bye "pyleri"')
# The parse tree is visualized as a JSON object:
print(json.dumps(view_parse_tree(res), indent=2))Part of the output is shown below.
{
"start": 0,
"end": 23,
"name": "START",
"element": "Repeat",
"string": "hi \"pyleri\" bye \"pyleri\"",
"children": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 11,
"name": null,
"element": "Sequence",
"string": "hi \"pyleri\"",
"children": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 2,
"name": null,
"element": "Choice",
"string": "hi",
"children": [
{
"start": 0,
"end": 2,
"name": "k_hi",
"element": "Keyword",
"string": "hi",
"children": []
}
]
},
{
"start": 3,
"end": 11,
"name": "r_name",
"element": "Regex",
"string": "\"pyleri\"",
"children": []
}
"..."
"..."
A node contains 5 properties that will be explained next:
startproperty returns the start of the node object.endproperty returns the end of the node object.elementreturns the Element's type (e.g. Repeat, Sequence, Keyword, etc.). An element can be assigned to a variable; for instance in the example aboveKeyword('hi')was assigned tok_hi. Withelement.namethe assigned namek_hiwill be returned. Note that it is not a given that an element is named; in our exampleSequencewas not assigned, thus in this case the element has no attributename.stringreturns the string that is parsed.childrencan return a node object containing deeper layered nodes provided that there are any. In our example the root node has an element typeRepeat(), starts at 0 and ends at 24, and it has twochildren. These children are node objects that have both an element typeSequence, start at 0 and 12 respectively, and so on.
expecting returns a Python set() containing elements which pyleri expects at pos. Even if is_valid is true there might be elements in this set, for example when an Optional() element could be added to the string. "Expecting" is useful if you want to implement things like auto-completion, syntax error handling, auto-syntax-correction etc. The following example will illustrate a way of implementation.
Example:
import re
import random
from pyleri import Choice
from pyleri import Grammar
from pyleri import Keyword
from pyleri import Repeat
from pyleri import Sequence
from pyleri import end_of_statement
# Create a Grammar Class to define your language.
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
RE_KEYWORDS = re.compile(r'\S+')
r_name = Keyword('"pyleri"')
k_hi = Keyword('hi')
k_bye = Keyword('bye')
START = Repeat(Sequence(Choice(k_hi, k_bye), r_name), mi=2)
# Print the expected elements as a indented and numbered list.
def print_expecting(node_expecting, string_expecting):
for loop, e in enumerate(node_expecting):
string_expecting = '{}\n\t({}) {}'.format(string_expecting, loop, e)
print(string_expecting)
# Complete a string until it is valid according to the grammar.
def auto_correction(string, my_grammar):
node = my_grammar.parse(string)
print('\nParsed string: {}'.format(node.tree.string))
if node.is_valid:
string_expecting = 'String is valid. \nExpected: '
print_expecting(node.expecting, string_expecting)
else:
string_expecting = 'String is NOT valid.\nExpected: ' \
if not node.pos \
else 'String is NOT valid. \nAfter "{}" expected: '.format(
node.tree.string[:node.pos])
print_expecting(node.expecting, string_expecting)
selected = random.choice(list(node.expecting))
string = '{} {}'.format(node.tree.string[:node.pos],
selected
if selected
is not end_of_statement else '')
auto_correction(string, my_grammar)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Compile your grammar by creating an instance of the Grammar Class.
my_grammar = MyGrammar()
string = 'hello "pyleri"'
auto_correction(string, my_grammar)Output:
Parsed string: hello "pyleri"
String is NOT valid.
Expected:
(1) hi
(2) bye
Parsed string: bye
String is NOT valid.
After " bye" expected:
(1) "pyleri"
Parsed string: bye "pyleri"
String is NOT valid.
After " bye "pyleri"" expected:
(1) hi
(2) bye
Parsed string: bye "pyleri" hi
String is NOT valid.
After " bye "pyleri" hi" expected:
(1) "pyleri"
Parsed string: bye "pyleri" hi "pyleri"
String is valid.
Expected:
(1) hi
(2) bye
In the above example we parsed an invalid string according to the grammar class. The auto-correction() method that we built for this example combines all properties from the parse() to create a valid string. The output shows every recursion of the auto-correction() method and prints successively the set of expected elements. It takes one randomly and adds it to the string. When the string corresponds to the grammar, the property is_valid will return True. Notably the expecting property still contains elements even if the is_valid returned True. The reason in this example is due to the Repeat element.
Pyleri has several elements which are all subclasses of Element and can be used to create a grammar.
syntax:
Keyword(keyword, ign_case=False)The parser needs to match the keyword which is just a string. When matching keywords we need to tell the parser what characters are allowed in keywords. By default Pyleri uses ^\w+ which is both in Python and JavaScript equal to ^[A-Za-z0-9_]+. We can overwrite the default by setting RE_KEYWORDS in the grammar. Keyword() accepts one keyword argument ign_case to tell the parser if we should match case insensitive.
Example:
class TicTacToe(Grammar):
# Let's allow keywords with alphabetic characters and dashes.
RE_KEYWORDS = re.compile('^[A-Za-z-]+')
START = Keyword('tic-tac-toe', ign_case=True)
ttt_grammar = TicTacToe()
ttt_grammar.parse('Tic-Tac-Toe').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Regex(pattern, flags=0)The parser compiles a regular expression using the re module. The current version of pyleri has only support for the re.IGNORECASE flag.
See the Quick usage example for how to use Regex.
syntax:
Token(token)A token can be one or more characters and is usually used to match operators like +, -, // and so on. When we parse a string object where pyleri expects an element, it will automatically be converted to a Token() object.
Example:
class Ni(Grammar):
t_dash = Token('-')
# We could just write delimiter='-' because
# any string will be converted to Token()
START = List(Keyword('ni'), delimiter=t_dash)
ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni-ni-ni-ni-ni').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Tokens(tokens)Can be used to register multiple tokens at once. The tokens argument should be a string with tokens separated by spaces. If given tokens are different in size the parser will try to match the longest tokens first.
Example:
class Ni(Grammar):
tks = Tokens('+ - !=')
START = List(Keyword('ni'), delimiter=tks)
ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni + ni != ni - ni').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Sequence(element, element, ...)The parser needs to match each element in a sequence.
Example:
class TicTacToe(Grammar):
START = Sequence(Keyword('Tic'), Keyword('Tac'), Keyword('Toe'))
ttt_grammar = TicTacToe()
ttt_grammar.parse('Tic Tac Toe').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Choice(element, element, ..., most_greedy=True)The parser needs to choose between one of the given elements. Choice accepts one keyword argument most_greedy which is True by default. When most_greedy is set to False the parser will stop at the first match. When True the parser will try each element and returns the longest match. Setting most_greedy to False can provide some extra performance. Note that the parser will try to match each element in the exact same order they are parsed to Choice.
Example: let us use Choice to modify the Quick usage example to allow the string 'bye "Iris"'
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
k_hi = Keyword('hi')
k_bye = Keyword('bye')
START = Sequence(Choice(k_hi, k_bye), r_name)
my_grammar = MyGrammar()
my_grammar.parse('hi "Iris"').is_valid # => True
my_grammar.parse('bye "Iris"').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Repeat(element, mi=0, ma=None)The parser needs at least mi elements and at most ma elements. When ma is set to None we allow unlimited number of elements. mi can be any integer value equal or higher than 0 but not larger then ma.
Example:
class Ni(Grammar):
START = Repeat(Keyword('ni'))
ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni ni ni ni ni').is_valid # => TrueIt is not allowed to bind a name to the same element twice and Repeat(element, 1, 1) is a common solution to bind the element a second (or more) time(s).
For example consider the following:
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
# Raises a SyntaxError because we try to bind a second time.
r_address = r_name # WRONG
# Instead use Repeat
r_address = Repeat(r_name, 1, 1) # RIGHTsyntax:
List(element, delimiter=',', mi=0, ma=None, opt=False)List is like Repeat but with a delimiter. A comma is used as default delimiter but any element is allowed. When a string is used as delimiter it will be converted to a Token element. mi and ma work exactly like with Repeat. An optional keyword argument opt can be set to True to allow the list to end with a delimiter. By default this is set to False which means the list has to end with an element.
Example:
class Ni(Grammar):
START = List(Keyword('ni'))
ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni, ni, ni, ni, ni').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Optional(element)The parser looks for an optional element. It is like using Repeat(element, 0, 1) but we encourage to use Optional since it is more readable. (and slightly faster)
Example:
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
k_hi = Keyword('hi')
START = Sequence(k_hi, Optional(r_name))
my_grammar = MyGrammar()
my_grammar.parse('hi "Iris"').is_valid # => True
my_grammar.parse('hi').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Ref()The grammar can make a forward reference to make recursion possible. In the example below we create a forward reference to START but note that a reference to any element can be made.
Warning: A reference is not protected against testing the same position in a string. This could potentially lead to an infinite loop. For example:
r = Ref() r = Optional(r) # DON'T DO THISUse Prio if such recursive construction is required.
Example:
class NestedNi(Grammar):
START = Ref()
ni_item = Choice(Keyword('ni'), START)
START = Sequence('[', List(ni_item), ']')
nested_ni = NestedNi()
nested_ni.parse('[ni, ni, [ni, [], [ni, ni]]]').is_valid # => Truesyntax:
Prio(element, element, ...)Choose the first match from the prio elements and allow THIS for recursive operations. With THIS we point to the Prio element. Probably the example below explains how Prio and THIS can be used.
Note: Use a Ref when possible. A
Prioelement is required when the same position in a string is potentially checked more than once.
Example:
class Ni(Grammar):
k_ni = Keyword('ni')
START = Prio(
k_ni,
# '(' and ')' are automatically converted to Token('(') and Token(')')
Sequence('(', THIS, ')'),
Sequence(THIS, Keyword('or'), THIS),
Sequence(THIS, Keyword('and'), THIS))
ni = Ni()
ni.parse('(ni or ni) and (ni or ni)').is_valid # => True