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# Teleological properties

This repository contains the experiments, data, analyses, and figures for the paper "Property types in generic and specific statements: Teleological properties matter more for categorization," by David Rose, Siying Zhang and Tobias Gerstenberg.
This repository contains the experiments, data, analyses, and figures for the paper "Teleological properties matter more for categorization," by David Rose, Siying Zhang and Tobias Gerstenberg.

The preprint can be found [here](UPDATEME)

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What kinds of properties matter most in categorization? And does the way in which properties are attributed, either in generic (e.g., "Bees are striped") or specific (e.g., "This bee is striped") statements, matter in categorization. To address these questions, we utilized classic tests of essentialist thinking --- transformation, induction and offspring tasks -- and focused on biological, behavioral, social and teleological properties in categorizing novel animals. In Experiment 1, participants categorized properties as being either behavioral, biological, social, or teleological. In Experiment 2, we used the top four properties from each group to describe a generic noun or a specific individual. Utilizing a transformation tasks, participants then categorized creatures that had one of their properties transformed. We found that changes to teleological properties had the strongest impact on categorization judgments. Whether the statement was generic or specific made no difference. In Experiment 3, which involved an induction task, we also found that teleological properties mattered more and that whether the statement was generic or specific didn't make a difference in people's categorization judgments. In our final experiment, Experiment 4, we used an offspring task and found that teleological properties mattered more in categorizing offspring. And here we found that generic statements mattered more than specific ones in people's categorization judgments. Our findings add to work suggesting that generics may not specifically promote essentialism. But they do suggest that the type of property might matter in essentializing. Indeed, we suggest that teleological properties might play this privileged role in categorization because they are treated as essential properties.


What kinds of properties matter most in categorization? Does it matter whether properties are attributed in generic (e.g., "Bees are striped'') or specific (e.g., "This bee is striped'') statements? Because a standard view about the role of generics in categorization is that we categorize things by considering their essential properties, and generics are the central vehicle by which beliefs about essences are transmitted, we focus on classic tests of essentialist thinking -- transformation, induction and offspring tasks -- to address what kinds of properties matter in categorization and whether it matters whether they feature in generic or specific statements. In Experiment 1, participants categorized properties as being either behavioral, biological, social, or teleological. In Experiment 2, we used the top four properties from each group to describe a generic noun or a specific individual. Transforming a teleological property had a stronger effect on categorization judgments compared to the other types of properties. Teleological properties also mattered more when categorizing novel creatures (Experiment 3) or offspring (Experiment 4). While for Experiments 2 and 3, it made no difference whether properties were attributed in generic or specific form, Experiment 4 showed stronger effects for generic statements. Overall, our findings suggest that teleological properties play a privileged role in how people categorize and essentialize, and that whether these properties are introduced in generic or specific form might matter less.


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