release-24.1: sql: catch panics in virtual table generators

[blathers-crl]

Backport 1/1 commits from #135761 on behalf of @yuzefovich.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

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This commit improves the stability of CRDB by introducing the panic-catcher into the goroutine that is spun up for generating the contents of the virtual tables. Previously, if the generator function ran into a panic, this would crash the server, and now instead only the query requiring the contents of the vtable will see an error.

Fixes: #135760.

Release note: None

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Release justification: low-risk stability improvement.

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Please check the backport criteria before merging:

• Backports should only be created for serious
  issues or test-only changes.
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If your backport adds new functionality, please ensure that the following additional criteria are satisfied:

• There is a high priority need for the functionality that cannot wait until the next release and is difficult to address in another way.
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Also, please add a brief release justification to the body of your PR to justify this
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[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[michae2]

Reviewed 2 of 2 files at r1, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: complete! 1 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @dt)