build(deps): use Go 1.23 instead of Go 1.22 (backport #21280)

[mergify]

Description

Use Go 1.23 where Go 1.22 was used.
Go mod with lower minimum version stay unchanged (on purpose, as those modules should be compatible with older SDK versions).

todos:

• Check nix flake
• Tag new proto-builder (0.15.0) with Go 1.23 support
• Check why GHCR cannot find latest golang alpine
• Bump golangci-lint

---

Author Checklist

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please add links to any relevant follow up issues.

I have...

• included the correct type prefix in the PR title, you can find examples of the prefixes below:

• confirmed ! in the type prefix if API or client breaking change

• targeted the correct branch (see PR Targeting)

• provided a link to the relevant issue or specification

• reviewed "Files changed" and left comments if necessary

• included the necessary unit and integration tests

• added a changelog entry to CHANGELOG.md

• updated the relevant documentation or specification, including comments for documenting Go code

• confirmed all CI checks have passed

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I have...

• confirmed the correct type prefix in the PR title
• confirmed all author checklist items have been addressed
• reviewed state machine logic, API design and naming, documentation is accurate, tests and test coverage

Summary by CodeRabbit

• New Features

  • Upgraded the Go programming language version across multiple workflow configurations and modules to 1.23, introducing potential performance improvements and new features.

• Dependency Updates

  • Updated the cosmossdk.io/core dependency to version 1.0.0 in multiple modules, indicating a transition to a stable release with possible breaking changes or new functionalities.

• Docker Image Updates

  • Changed the base Docker image for building containers to golang:1.23-alpine, enhancing compatibility and performance.

---

This is an automatic backport of pull request #21280 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of 8193308 has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/release/v0.52.x/pr-21280
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/release/v0.52.x'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 819330872.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   .github/workflows/build.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/dependabot-update-all.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/dependencies-review.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/lint.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/pr-go-mod-tidy-mocks.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/release-confix.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/release-cosmovisor.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/release.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/sims-047.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/sims-050.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/sims-nightly.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/sims.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/test.yml
	modified:   .github/workflows/v2-test.yml
	modified:   Dockerfile
	modified:   contrib/devtools/Dockerfile
	modified:   contrib/images/simd-dlv/Dockerfile
	modified:   contrib/images/simd-env/Dockerfile
	modified:   crypto/armor_test.go
	modified:   flake.lock
	modified:   flake.nix
	modified:   go.work.example
	modified:   scripts/build/linting.mk
	modified:   scripts/build/protobuf.mk
	modified:   tests/systemtests/go.mod
	modified:   tools/confix/go.mod
	modified:   types/context_test.go

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	deleted by us:   .github/workflows/sims-052.yml
	deleted by us:   .github/workflows/software-compat-v052.yml
	both modified:   client/v2/go.mod
	deleted by us:   collections/go.mod
	deleted by us:   core/go.mod
	deleted by us:   core/testing/go.mod
	both modified:   go.mod
	deleted by us:   indexer/postgres/tests/go.mod
	deleted by us:   orm/go.mod
	deleted by us:   runtime/v2/go.mod
	deleted by us:   schema/testing/go.mod
	deleted by us:   server/v2/appmanager/go.mod
	both modified:   server/v2/cometbft/go.mod
	deleted by us:   server/v2/go.mod
	deleted by us:   server/v2/stf/go.mod
	both modified:   simapp/go.mod
	both modified:   simapp/v2/go.mod
	deleted by us:   store/v2/go.mod
	both modified:   tests/go.mod
	deleted by us:   tools/cosmovisor/go.mod
	both modified:   x/accounts/defaults/lockup/go.mod
	both modified:   x/accounts/defaults/multisig/go.mod
	both modified:   x/accounts/go.mod
	both modified:   x/auth/go.mod
	both modified:   x/authz/go.mod
	both modified:   x/bank/go.mod
	both modified:   x/circuit/go.mod
	both modified:   x/consensus/go.mod
	both modified:   x/distribution/go.mod
	both modified:   x/epochs/go.mod
	both modified:   x/evidence/go.mod
	both modified:   x/feegrant/go.mod
	both modified:   x/gov/go.mod
	both modified:   x/group/go.mod
	both modified:   x/mint/go.mod
	both modified:   x/nft/go.mod
	both modified:   x/params/go.mod
	both modified:   x/protocolpool/go.mod
	both modified:   x/slashing/go.mod
	both modified:   x/staking/go.mod
	deleted by us:   x/tx/go.mod
	both modified:   x/upgrade/go.mod

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

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[julienrbrt]

Ill fix this