refactor(semver): clean up `parseRange`, add missing tests #16339

Job	Run time
test-node (latest, ubuntu-latest)	12s
test (v1.x, ubuntu-latest)	3m 8s
lint (ubuntu-latest)	29s
test (v1.x, windows-latest)	3m 9s
wasm (crypto/_wasm)	6s
lint (windows-latest)	38s
test (v1.x, macOS-latest)	2m 9s
test (v2.x, ubuntu-latest)	4m 6s
test (v2.x, windows-latest)	5m 54s
test (v2.x, macOS-latest)	3m 43s
test (canary, ubuntu-latest)	4m 43s
test (canary, windows-latest)	4m 51s
test (canary, macOS-latest)	4m 7s
	37m 15s

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