Updating by fstring (#667)

* Refactor string formatting in `_code_cache.py`

* Refactor string formatting in `_events.py`

* Refactor string formatting in `_generate.py` to use f-strings

* Refactor string formatting in `lazybind.py` to use f-strings

* Refactor string formatting in `errorinfo.py` to use f-strings

* Refactor string formatting in `inprocserver.py` to use f-strings

* Refactor string formatting in `register.py` to use f-strings

* Refactor string formatting in `_constants.py` to use f-strings. one comment line...

* Refactor string formatting in `w_getopt.py` to use f-strings

* Fixed after PR reviewed

* fix mistakes

* Improved code

* Fix `register.py` to use raw-fstring

* Refactor string formatting in `codegenerator.py` to use f-strings

* Fix path separators in `_code_cache.py` for consistency across platforms

* Refactor string representations in `helpers.py` to use f-strings for improved readability

* Fix script path handling in `register.py` to include script path in CLSID registration

* Apply suggestions from code review

* Update comtypes/server/register.py

* Update comtypes/errorinfo.py

* Update register.py

---------

Co-authored-by: Jun Komoda <[email protected]>

comtypes/client/_code_cache.py

@@ -48,23 +48,23 @@ def _find_gen_dir():
         # check type of executable image to determine a subdirectory
         # where generated modules are placed.
         ftype = getattr(sys, "frozen", None)
-        version_str = "%d%d" % sys.version_info[:2]
+        pymaj, pymin = sys.version_info[:2]
         if ftype == None:
             # Python script
-            subdir = r"Python\Python%s\comtypes_cache" % version_str
+            subdir = rf"Python\Python{pymaj:d}{pymin:d}\comtypes_cache"
             basedir = _get_appdata_dir()
 
         elif ftype == "dll":
             # dll created with py2exe
             path = _get_module_filename(sys.frozendllhandle)
             base = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0]
-            subdir = r"comtypes_cache\%s-%s" % (base, version_str)
+            subdir = rf"comtypes_cache\{base}-{pymaj:d}{pymin:d}"
             basedir = tempfile.gettempdir()
 
         else:  # ftype in ('windows_exe', 'console_exe')
             # exe created by py2exe
             base = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(sys.executable))[0]
-            subdir = r"comtypes_cache\%s-%s" % (base, version_str)
+            subdir = rf"comtypes_cache\{base}-{pymaj:d}{pymin:d}"
             basedir = tempfile.gettempdir()
 
         gen_dir = os.path.join(basedir, subdir)

comtypes/client/_constants.py

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def _get_members(self, tinfo, ta):
                     # XXX is necessary warning? should use logging?
                     # import comtypes.tools
                     # if comtypes.tools.__warn_on_munge__:
-                    #     print("# Fixing keyword as VAR_CONST for %s" % name)
+                    #     print(f"# Fixing keyword as VAR_CONST for {name}")
                     name += "_"
                 members[name] = vdesc._.lpvarValue[0].value
         return _frozen_attr_dict(members)

comtypes/client/_events.py

@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, name):
         def handler(self, this, *args, **kw):
             # XXX handler is called with 'this'.  Should we really print "None" instead?
             args = (None,) + args
-            print("Event %s(%s)" % (name, ", ".join([repr(a) for a in args])))
+            print(f"Event {name}({', '.join([repr(a) for a in args])})")
 
         return comtypes.instancemethod(handler, self, EventDumper)
 

comtypes/client/_generate.py

@@ -139,20 +139,16 @@ def _load_tlib(obj: Any) -> typeinfo.ITypeLib:
     elif isinstance(obj, GUID):
         clsid = str(obj)
         # lookup associated typelib in registry
-        with winreg.OpenKey(
-            winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, r"CLSID\%s\TypeLib" % clsid
-        ) as key:
+        with winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, rf"CLSID\{clsid}\TypeLib") as key:
             libid = winreg.EnumValue(key, 0)[1]
-        with winreg.OpenKey(
-            winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, r"CLSID\%s\Version" % clsid
-        ) as key:
+        with winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, rf"CLSID\{clsid}\Version") as key:
             ver = winreg.EnumValue(key, 0)[1].split(".")
         return typeinfo.LoadRegTypeLib(GUID(libid), int(ver[0]), int(ver[1]), 0)
     # obj is a sequence containing libid
     elif isinstance(obj, (tuple, list)):
         libid, ver = obj[0], obj[1:]
         if not ver:  # case of version numbers are not containing
-            with winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, r"TypeLib\%s" % libid) as key:
+            with winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, rf"TypeLib\{libid}") as key:
                 ver = [int(v, base=16) for v in winreg.EnumKey(key, 0).split(".")]
         return typeinfo.LoadRegTypeLib(GUID(libid), *ver)
     # obj is a COMObject implementation
@@ -161,7 +157,7 @@ def _load_tlib(obj: Any) -> typeinfo.ITypeLib:
     # obj is a pointer of ITypeLib
     elif isinstance(obj, ctypes.POINTER(typeinfo.ITypeLib)):
         return obj  # type: ignore
-    raise TypeError("'%r' is not supported type for loading typelib" % obj)
+    raise TypeError(f"'{obj!r}' is not supported type for loading typelib")
 
 
 def _get_existing_module(tlib: typeinfo.ITypeLib) -> Optional[types.ModuleType]:

comtypes/client/lazybind.py

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def __setitem__(self, name, value):
 
     def __iter__(self):
         """Explicitly disallow iteration."""
-        msg = "%r is not iterable" % self.disp
+        msg = f"{self.disp!r} is not iterable"
         raise TypeError(msg)
 
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, name):
                 if descr.cParams == 1:
                     return self._comobj._invoke(descr.memid, descr.invkind, 0)
             else:
-                raise RuntimeError("funckind %d not yet implemented" % descr.funckind)
+                raise RuntimeError(f"funckind {descr.funckind:d} not yet implemented")
             put = self.__bind(name, DISPATCH_PROPERTYPUT)
             putref = self.__bind(name, DISPATCH_PROPERTYPUTREF)
             return NamedProperty(self, descr, put, putref)

comtypes/errorinfo.py

@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ def ReportException(
             tb = tb.tb_next
         line = tb.tb_frame.f_lineno
         name = tb.tb_frame.f_globals["__name__"]
-        text = "%s: %s (%s, line %d)" % (typ, value, name, line)
+        text = f"{typ}: {value} ({name}, line {line:d})"
     else:
-        text = "%s: %s" % (typ, value)
+        text = f"{typ}: {value}"
     return ReportError(
         text,
         iid,

comtypes/server/inprocserver.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def inproc_find_class(clsid):
     if _clsid_to_class:
         return _clsid_to_class[clsid]
 
-    key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, "CLSID\\%s\\InprocServer32" % clsid)
+    key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, f"CLSID\\{clsid}\\InprocServer32")
     try:
         pathdir = winreg.QueryValueEx(key, "PythonPath")[0]
     except:

comtypes/server/register.py

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def nodebug(self, cls):
                 'DeleteKey( %s\\CLSID\\%s\\Logging"'
                 % (_explain(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT), clsid)
             )
-            hkey = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, r"CLSID\%s" % clsid)
+            hkey = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, rf"CLSID\{clsid}")
             winreg.DeleteKey(hkey, "Logging")
         except WindowsError as detail:
             if get_winerror(detail) != 2:
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def debug(self, cls, levels, format):
             'CreateKey( %s\\CLSID\\%s\\Logging"'
             % (_explain(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT), clsid)
         )
-        hkey = winreg.CreateKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, r"CLSID\%s\Logging" % clsid)
+        hkey = winreg.CreateKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, rf"CLSID\{clsid}\Logging")
         for item in levels:
             name, value = item.split("=")
             v = getattr(logging, value)
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def _get_full_classname(self, cls):
         modname = cls.__module__
         if modname == "__main__":
             modname = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]))[0]
-        return "%s.%s" % (modname, cls.__name__)
+        return f"{modname}.{cls.__name__}"
 
     def _get_pythonpath(self, cls):
         """Return the filesystem path of the module containing 'cls'."""
@@ -278,30 +278,30 @@ def _registry_entries(self, cls):
             )
             if reg_desc:
                 reg_desc = reg_desc.replace(".", " ")
-        append(HKCR, "CLSID\\%s" % reg_clsid, "", reg_desc)
+        append(HKCR, f"CLSID\\{reg_clsid}", "", reg_desc)
 
         reg_progid = getattr(cls, "_reg_progid_", None)
         if reg_progid:
             # for ProgIDFromCLSID:
-            append(HKCR, "CLSID\\%s\\ProgID" % reg_clsid, "", reg_progid)  # 1
+            append(HKCR, f"CLSID\\{reg_clsid}\\ProgID", "", reg_progid)  # 1
 
             # for CLSIDFromProgID
             if reg_desc:
                 append(HKCR, reg_progid, "", reg_desc)  # 2
-            append(HKCR, "%s\\CLSID" % reg_progid, "", reg_clsid)  # 3
+            append(HKCR, f"{reg_progid}\\CLSID", "", reg_clsid)  # 3
 
             reg_novers_progid = getattr(cls, "_reg_novers_progid_", None)
             if reg_novers_progid:
                 append(
                     HKCR,
-                    "CLSID\\%s\\VersionIndependentProgID" % reg_clsid,  # 1a
+                    f"CLSID\\{reg_clsid}\\VersionIndependentProgID",  # 1a
                     "",
                     reg_novers_progid,
                 )
                 if reg_desc:
                     append(HKCR, reg_novers_progid, "", reg_desc)  # 2a
-                append(HKCR, "%s\\CurVer" % reg_novers_progid, "", reg_progid)  #
-                append(HKCR, "%s\\CLSID" % reg_novers_progid, "", reg_clsid)  # 3a
+                append(HKCR, f"{reg_novers_progid}\\CurVer", "", reg_progid)  #
+                append(HKCR, f"{reg_novers_progid}\\CLSID", "", reg_clsid)  # 3a
 
         clsctx = getattr(cls, "_reg_clsctx_", 0)
 
@@ -310,21 +310,16 @@ def _registry_entries(self, cls):
         ):
             exe = sys.executable
             if " " in exe:
-                exe = '"%s"' % exe
+                exe = f'"{exe}"'
             if not hasattr(sys, "frozen"):
                 if not __debug__:
-                    exe = "%s -O" % exe
+                    exe = f"{exe} -O"
                 script = os.path.abspath(sys.modules[cls.__module__].__file__)
                 if " " in script:
-                    script = '"%s"' % script
-                append(
-                    HKCR,
-                    "CLSID\\%s\\LocalServer32" % reg_clsid,
-                    "",
-                    "%s %s" % (exe, script),
-                )
+                    script = f'"{script}"'
+                append(HKCR, rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\LocalServer32", "", f"{exe} {script}")
             else:
-                append(HKCR, "CLSID\\%s\\LocalServer32" % reg_clsid, "", "%s" % exe)
+                append(HKCR, rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\LocalServer32", "", f"{exe}")
 
         # Register InprocServer32 only when run from script or from
         # py2exe dll server, not from py2exe exe server.
@@ -333,7 +328,7 @@ def _registry_entries(self, cls):
             "dll",
         ):
             append(
-                HKCR, "CLSID\\%s\\InprocServer32" % reg_clsid, "", self._get_serverdll()
+                HKCR, rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\InprocServer32", "", self._get_serverdll()
             )
             # only for non-frozen inproc servers the PythonPath/PythonClass is needed.
             if (
@@ -342,13 +337,13 @@ def _registry_entries(self, cls):
             ):
                 append(
                     HKCR,
-                    "CLSID\\%s\\InprocServer32" % reg_clsid,
+                    rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\InprocServer32",
                     "PythonClass",
                     self._get_full_classname(cls),
                 )
                 append(
                     HKCR,
-                    "CLSID\\%s\\InprocServer32" % reg_clsid,
+                    rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\InprocServer32",
                     "PythonPath",
                     self._get_pythonpath(cls),
                 )
@@ -357,14 +352,14 @@ def _registry_entries(self, cls):
             if reg_threading is not None:
                 append(
                     HKCR,
-                    "CLSID\\%s\\InprocServer32" % reg_clsid,
+                    rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\InprocServer32",
                     "ThreadingModel",
                     reg_threading,
                 )
 
         reg_tlib = getattr(cls, "_reg_typelib_", None)
         if reg_tlib is not None:
-            append(HKCR, "CLSID\\%s\\Typelib" % reg_clsid, "", reg_tlib[0])
+            append(HKCR, rf"CLSID\{reg_clsid}\Typelib", "", reg_tlib[0])
 
         return table
 
@@ -381,10 +376,7 @@ def unregister(cls):
 
 
 def UseCommandLine(*classes):
-    usage = (
-        """Usage: %s [-regserver] [-unregserver] [-nodebug] [-f logformat] [-l loggername=level]"""
-        % sys.argv[0]
-    )
+    usage = f"""Usage: {sys.argv[0]} [-regserver] [-unregserver] [-nodebug] [-f logformat] [-l loggername=level]"""
     opts, args = w_getopt.w_getopt(
         sys.argv[1:], "regserver unregserver embedding l: f: nodebug"
     )

comtypes/server/w_getopt.py

@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ def w_getopt(args, options):
                 try:
                     opts.append((arg, args[1]))
                 except IndexError:
-                    raise GetoptError("option '%s' requires an argument" % args[0])
+                    raise GetoptError(f"option '{args[0]}' requires an argument")
                 args = args[1:]
             elif arg in options:
                 opts.append((arg, ""))
             else:
-                raise GetoptError("invalid option '%s'" % args[0])
+                raise GetoptError(f"invalid option '{args[0]}'")
             args = args[1:]
         else:
             arguments.append(args[0])