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src/edu/en/ethereum/secuity-and-privacy/enhancing-privacy.md

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+# Enhancing Privacy
+
+While Ethereum isn’t inherently private, there are ways to improve your privacy:
+
+- **Avoid Sharing Publicly**: Don’t share your Ethereum address or ENS name (Ethereum Name Service) on public platforms like social media. Your Twitter activity combined with Ethereum transactions can reveal a lot of information that you have no intended to share.
+
+- **Use Multiple Wallets**: Separate wallets for different purposes can help. For example, keep a savings wallet with large balances isolated and use it only for transfers to and from exchanges. Use another wallet for daily transactions or interactions with dApps.
+
+- **Use Exchange Deposit Addresses**: For occasional incoming transfers, you can give out a deposit address on a crypto exchange account, rather than your personal wallet address, to prevent linking your activity.
+
+- **Be Mindful During KYC**: When verifying your identity on cryptocurrency exchanges, avoid providing unnecessary sensitive information. Exchanges and KYC providers can be hacked, exposing your data.
+
+- **Avoid Linking Wallets**: Avoid sending transactions between your wallets, as this links them and reduces privacy. If you need to top up a wallet, use an exchange as an intermediary.
+
+- **Separate Wallets for Risky Interactions**: If you plan to interact with dApps and various blockchain services on a regular basis, create a separate wallet for these transactions to isolate them from your main wallet.
+
+**Note**: While these steps can enhance privacy, achieving complete anonymity requires more advanced techniques, which are outside the scope of this guide.

src/edu/en/ethereum/secuity-and-privacy/privacy-risks.md

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+# **Privacy Risks**
+
+Ethereum’s privacy model is different from Bitcoin’s. While Bitcoin users can use new addresses for each transaction to enhance privacy, Ethereum wallets typically rely on a single address. This has several implications:
+
+- **Public Transaction History**: Anyone who knows your Ethereum address can see your entire transaction history, token balances, and interactions with decentralized apps (dApps). For instance, if you share your address to receive payment, the sender can see all your activity tied to that address.
+
+- **Identity Linkage**: If you use Ethereum on platforms that require Know Your Customer (KYC) verification, such as centralized exchanges, your identity is tied to your address. This means exchanges that collect KYC data know both your on-chain activity and your real-world identity.
+
+- -**Wallet Isolation**: The privacy of one cryptocurrency in a wallet doesn’t affect the others. For example, while your Ethereum activity might be public, your Bitcoin holdings in the same wallet remain private. There’s no way for someone to infer your Bitcoin balance from your Ethereum address.
+
+**Key Reminder**: Everything you do on Ethereum is permanent and public. Unlike web activity, blockchain data doesn’t disappear or get deleted, meaning it could be used against you in the future.

src/edu/en/ethereum/secuity-and-privacy/risks-using-stablecoins.md

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+# Risks Using Stablecoins
+
+Stablecoins are among the most popular tokens on Ethereum. They address one of crypto’s biggest challenges: volatility, by maintaining a steady value, typically pegged to a traditional currency like the US Dollar. However, they come with distinct risks:
+
+**USDT (Tether)**
+
+- **Centralized Control**: Managed by Tether Limited, USDT operates under centralized oversight. Its smart contract includes administrative functions, such as freezing balances or blocking transactions—even in non-custodial wallets.
+- **Trust Required**: Users must rely on Tether Limited to maintain sufficient USD reserves to back the stablecoin. Its value depends heavily on the company’s banking relationships and regulatory compliance.
+- **Censorship Risk**: Tether Limited can freeze USDT holdings at any time, posing a risk to users in certain jurisdictions or situations.
+
+**Important Note:** Holding large USDT balances long-term is not advisable, particularly for businesses like crypto exchange bureaus. Even a single interaction with a flagged user can result in your account being frozen due to anti-money laundering systems.
+
+**DAI**
+
+- **Decentralized**: Created by MakerDAO, DAI operates without a central authority. No one can freeze your DAI or block transactions.
+- **Crypto-Backed**: DAI maintains its $1 value through collateral held in smart contracts, primarily ETH.
+- **Transparent**: DAI’s mechanisms are fully on-chain, meaning anyone can verify how it works.
+
+While DAI offers stronger censorship resistance, it’s less widely supported by exchanges compared to USDT. This limits its accessibility in certain scenarios.
+
+**Key Takeaway**
+
+USDT remains the most popular stablecoin but comes with significant risks tied to its centralized nature, including censorship and reliance on Tether Limited. On the other hand, DAI provides greater privacy and censorship resistance, making it a better choice for users concerned about these risks.

src/edu/en/ethereum/secuity-and-privacy/security-risks.md

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+# Security Risks
+
+Ethereum brings unique security risks, in addition to standard precautions like keeping your mnemonic phrase private and ensuring secure backups. Below are the key risks to be aware of:
+
+**Smart Contract Hacks**
+dApps are powered by smart contracts, which are trustless but can sometimes contain bugs or vulnerabilities. Malicious actors can exploit these flaws to steal funds. Once funds are lost due to a hack, recovery is almost impossible. Always research a dApp’s history and audit status before using it.
+
+**Rug Pulls**
+
+Some dApps are created with malicious intent. Developers may promote a dApp to attract users and funds, then withdraw those funds from the smart contract and disappear. These scams are often referred to as "rug pulls." To protect yourself:
+
+- Verify the team behind the dApp.
+- Check if the smart contract has admin privileges that allow unrestricted access to funds.
+- Look for audits or reviews from trusted sources.
+
+**Phishing Attacks**
+
+Phishing attacks are one of the most common threats in the Ethereum ecosystem. Always double-check URLs and ensure you are using the legitimate service rather than a malicious imitation. Here are some specific examples:
+
+- **MetaMask Targeting**: Scammers may trick users into revealing signing unauthorized transactions. Avoid signing transactions if you don’t fully understand them, and use wallets with minimal funds for testing dApps.
+- **WalletConnect Targeting**: Fake dApps can exploit WalletConnect to trick users into signing malicious transactions. The rule of thumb is to only use WalletConnect on trusted websites or services you are certain about.
+
+**Address Poisoning Attacks**
+
+In this tactic, attackers send tiny amounts of ETH or other token or tokens to your wallet from an address that looks very similar to one you’ve interacted with before. The goal is to confuse you into sending funds to their fake address. This works because users usually interact with the same addresses over and over (i.e. deposit to crypto exchange account) and typically copy the address from transactions history. Always double-check the recipient address before confirming a transaction.

src/edu/ru/ethereum/how-ethereum-works/eth-cryptocurrency.md

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+# ETH Cryptocurrency
+
+Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum platform. It functions both as a digital currency and as the fuel that powers the Ethereum network. Whenever you use Ethereum—whether to send ETH or interact with smart contracts —you need to pay fees in ETH.
+
+## Is Ethereum Inflationary or Deflationary?
+
+Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum doesn’t have a fixed supply of ETH. Instead, new ETH is created at a changing rate, depending on network activity and other factors. Initially, Ethereum created around 18 million ETH per year, but this changed after it switched to Proof of Stake (PoS).
+
+In 2021, Ethereum introduced a system where part of the ETH used for transaction fees is **burned**, meaning it’s permanently removed from circulation. This reduces the supply, especially when there’s a lot of activity on the network.
+
+Ethereum can be **inflationary**(when more ETH is created than burned) or **deflationary**(when more ETH is burned than created). For example, in 2024, Ethereum became inflationary because more ETH was created than burned. However, during times of high network usage, like in early 2024, Ethereum was deflationary because more ETH was burned than emitted.
+
+Overall, whether Ethereum’s supply grows or shrinks depends on how busy the Ethereum network is and how much ETH gets burned compared to how much is created.

src/edu/ru/ethereum/how-ethereum-works/how-ethereum-blockchain-works.md

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+# How Ethereum Blockchain Works
+
+Both Ethereum and Bitcoin are made up of many computers all over the world, working together to maintain the blockchain and process transactions. The blockchain is a record of all transactions, and each computer has a copy of this record. To keep everything running smoothly, there needs to be a way to decide which computer will add the next set of transactions to the blockchain.
+
+Bitcoin uses something called **Proof of Work (PoW)**. Here, thousands of computers (miners) compete to solve a hard puzzle. The first one to solve it adds the next set of transactions and gets rewarded with newly created Bitcoin and fees. The more computing power you have, the better your chances.
+
+Ethereum used to work the same way, but now it uses something called**Proof of Stake (PoS)**. Instead of solving puzzles, people lock up (or “stake”) 32 ETH to become a validator. Validators are chosen randomly to add transactions to the blockchain, and they earn rewards in the form of ETH and fees. It’s random, so everyone who stakes has a chance.
+
+If you don’t have 32 ETH, you can join a **staking pool**. In a pool, lots of people combine their ETH to meet the 32 ETH requirement and share the rewards. This way, even if you don’t have a lot of ETH, you can still earn rewards.

src/edu/ru/ethereum/how-ethereum-works/tokens-on-ethereum.md

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+# Tokens on Ethereum: ERC-20 & NFTs
+
+Ethereum is much more than its native currency, Ether (ETH). One of its standout features is the ability to create and manage tokens that represent different assets or utilities on the blockchain. These tokens are controlled by smart contracts and can be programmed by developers to serve specific purposes.
+
+For example, a token could represent a lottery entry, or give governance rights in a decentralized app (dApp). Two of the most widely used token types on Ethereum are **ERC-20 tokens** and **NFTs.**
+
+## ERC-20 Tokens
+
+ERC-20 tokens follow a widely-used standard that ensures all tokens created using this standard behave in a predictable manner. The common standard ensures that developers are able to build software apps (i.e. wallet apps, smart contracts) that can handle all tokens equally, rather than creating a separate wallet for each token. Also, tokens that follow ERC-20 standard are interchangeable, just like dollars, where one dollar is no different from another dollar. 
+
+Stablecoins like **USDT** or **DAI**, which are tied to the value of traditional currencies, and governance tokens like **UNI**, which grant users the right to participate in decision-making on Uniswap DEX(decentralized token exchange), are common examples of ERC-20 tokens. 
+
+These tokens can easily be transferred between Ethereum wallets and are compatible with a wide range of Ethereum-based apps and services, making them highly versatile and widely accepted across the network.
+
+## NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens)
+
+NFTs, or Non-Fungible Tokens, are unique tokens that represent one-of-a-kind assets on the Ethereum blockchain. Unlike ERC-20 tokens, NFTs are not interchangeable, as each token is distinct. 
+
+NFTs have gained significant popularity in industries like digital art, collectibles, and gaming, where proving ownership of unique digital items is essential.
+
+NFTs can be used to represent anything from digital artwork to virtual real estate, and ownership is easily verifiable on the blockchain. This transparency has made NFTs a powerful tool for creators and collectors alike, providing a secure way to buy, sell, and trade digital assets.
+
+## Sending/Receiving ETH and ERC-20 Tokens
+
+Tokens on Ethereum, such as **USDT**, can be stored, sent, and received just like regular cryptocurrencies, such as **ETH** or **BTC**. One key aspect of Ethereum wallets is that both **ETH**and **ERC-20**tokens share a common wallet address. This means that within the same wallet, your deposit address for ETH is the same as for any ERC-20 token, like **USDT** or **DAI**.
+
+When sending ERC-20 tokens, it’s important to remember that **transaction fees must be paid in ETH**. This is because sending an ERC-20 token isn’t just a simple transfer—it involves interacting with the smart contract governing that specific token. For example, if you're sending **USDT**to someone, your wallet must interact with the USDT smart contract to complete the transaction, and the **gas fees** for that interaction are always paid in **ETH**.

src/edu/ru/ethereum/how-ethereum-works/wallets-on-ethereum.md

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+# Wallets On Ethereum
+
+To interact with Ethereum, you need a non-custodial wallet app. An Ethereum wallet is an application that allows you to store, send, and receive Ether (ETH) and other Ethereum-based tokens. Most multi-currency, non-custodial wallet apps (e.g., Unstoppable Wallet) support Ethereum, making it easy for users to manage their assets on the platform.
+
+There are a few key things to keep in mind about Ethereum wallets:
+
+- **Single Address System:** Unlike Bitcoin, where a new address is generated for each transaction, Ethereum wallets typically use a single address for all your transactions. This means that all your Ethereum transactions and token balances are linked to the same public address.
+
+- **Types of Wallets:** Non-custodial Ethereum wallets come in various forms, including mobile apps, browser extensions, and hardware wallets. Among these, browser extension wallets are generally the least secure.
+
+- **Interacting with dApps:** Not all wallet apps come with the ability to interact with decentralized apps (dApps). While most wallets support basic send and receive functions, only certain wallets go further by allowing you to interact with dApps on the Ethereum blockchain. This functionality is usually provided through a feature called **WalletConnect**, which securely links your wallet to dApps. Not all wallet apps comes with **WalletConnect** feature.

src/edu/ru/ethereum/intro/origins-of-ethereum.md

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-# Происхождение Ethereum 🌟
+# Origins of Ethereum
 
-Ethereum был создан в 2015 году Виталиком Бутериным и командой соучредителей в ответ на ограничения Биткоина 🚀. В то время как Биткоин был создан в первую очередь как децентрализованная форма денег 💰, Ethereum был разработан, чтобы выйти за рамки простых платежей.
+Ethereum was created in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin, along with a team of co-founders, in response to the limitations of Bitcoin 🚀. While Bitcoin was primarily designed as a decentralized form of money 💰, Ethereum was developed to go beyond just payments.
 
-Идея заключалась в создании платформы, которая позволила бы людям создавать децентрализованные приложения (dApps) 🏗️ — автоматизированные сервисы, работающие на блокчейне без централизованного контроля 🤖.
+The idea was to create a platform that allowed people to build decentralized applications (dApps) 🏗️— automated services that run on the blockchain without central control 🤖.
 
-В 2014 году Ethereum провел первичное размещение монет (ICO) 💼, позволив людям приобрести токены Ether (ETH) для финансирования разработки платформы. Команда Ethereum привлекла около 18.3 миллионов долларов в Биткоинах 💸 во время продажи токенов, что составляло более 31,500 BTC на момент ICO.
+In 2014, Ethereum held an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) 💼, allowing people to purchase Ether (ETH) tokens to fund the development of the platform. The Ethereum team raised roughly $18.3 million worth of Bitcoin 💸 in the token sale, which was more than 31,500 BTC at the time of the ICO.
 
-В отличие от Биткоина, у которого не было предварительной продажи или раунда финансирования 🚫💰, ICO Ethereum позволило ранним сторонникам инвестировать в проект до его официального запуска 🎬.
+Unlike Bitcoin, which had no pre-sale or funding round 🚫💰, Ethereum's ICO allowed early supporters to buy into the project before its official launch 🎬.
 
-Хотя это помогло Ethereum быстро вырасти 📈, некоторые энтузиасты Биткоина критиковали модель ICO, утверждая, что она противоречит децентрализованному, органическому запуску Биткоина 🌱. В этом смысле запуск Ethereum напоминал традиционное IPO 📊.
+While this helped Ethereum grow quickly 📈, some Bitcoin enthusiasts have criticized the ICO model, arguing that it goes against Bitcoin's decentralized, organic launch 🌱. In this sense, the launch of Ethereum resembled a traditional IPO 📊.