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##### 人 | ||
- 人 | ||
- 人是环境的产物, 人类的繁殖是价值观的自我增殖 | ||
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##### 修辞 | ||
- 修辞 | ||
- 修辞是指在语言表达中, 为了使表达更加生动, 形象, 准确或有感染力, 而使用的一系列表达技巧和手法. 修辞在文学创作, 演讲, 日常对话中都有广泛应用. 有很多[[修辞手法]], [[押韵]]也是特别的一种, 合理运用修辞手法可以丰富语言的表现力, 使表达更具艺术性和感染力, 但是也要注意的是修辞并不一定遵循[[逻辑学基础|逻辑]], [[修辞与逻辑]]关系复杂, 作为说客要能灵活运用, 作为听众要能理性分辨 | ||
- 修辞是指在语言表达中, 为了使表达更加生动, 形象, 准确或有感染力, 而使用的一系列表达技巧和手法. 修辞在文学创作, 演讲, 日常对话中都有广泛应用. 有很多[[修辞手法]], [[押韵]]也是特别的一种, 合理运用修辞手法可以丰富语言的表现力, 使表达更具艺术性和感染力, 但是也要注意的是修辞并不一定遵循[[逻辑]], [[修辞与逻辑]]关系复杂, 作为说客要能灵活运用, 作为听众要能理性分辨 | ||
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##### [[C.说明|C 说明]] | ||
- [[C.整体认识]] | ||
- C.基础概念 | ||
- [[C.表达式]] | ||
- [[C.声明]] | ||
- [[C.表达式]] | ||
- [[C.语句]] | ||
- [[C.函数]] | ||
- [[C.数据类型]] | ||
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##### void | ||
- void | ||
- `void` 是 C 语言中的一个关键字, 用于表示无类型或空类型 |
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##### 函数 | ||
- 函数 | ||
- **函数**是 C 中的基本构建块, 是完成特定任务的独立程序代码单元, 函数将[[C.复合语句|复合语句]] (函数体) 与[[C.标识符|标识符]] (函数名) 相关联, 每个 C 程序都从主函数开始执行, 该函数要么终止, 要么调用其他用户定义函数或库函数 | ||
- 函数是通过函数声明或函数定义引入的, 函数定义包含函数体, 函数声明为程序中其他位置定义的函数建立名称, 返回类型和特性, 如果声明包含有关参数的类型和数目的信息, 则该声明为函数原型 | ||
- 函数调用将执行控制从正在调用的函数传递到已调用函数, 通过值将参数传递给已调用函数. 已调用函数中的 return 语句的执行将返回控制, 并且可能将一个值返回给正在调用的函数 | ||
- **函数**是 C 中的基本构建块, 是完成特定任务的独立程序代码单元, 函数将[[C.复合语句|复合语句]] (函数体) 与[[C.标识符|标识符]] (函数名) 相关联. 每个 C 程序都从[[C.主函数|主函数]]开始执行, 该函数要么终止, 要么调用其他用户定义函数或库函数 | ||
- 函数是通过[[C.函数声明|函数声明]]或[[C.函数定义|函数定义]]引入的. 函数可以拥有零或多个形参, 它们为函数调用运算符的实参所初始化, 并且以通过 [[C.return 语句|return 语句]]向其调用者返回一个值 | ||
- 示例 | ||
```c | ||
#include <stdio.h> | ||
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// 定义普通函数, 计算两个整数的和 | ||
int add(int a, int b) { | ||
return a + b; // 返回两个数的和 | ||
} | ||
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// 定义主函数 | ||
int main() { | ||
int sum = add(5, 10); // 调用add函数 | ||
printf("Sum: %d\n", sum); // 输出结果 | ||
return 0; // 返回值0,表示程序成功结束 | ||
} | ||
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// 15 | ||
``` | ||
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##### 函数声明 | ||
- 函数声明 | ||
- 函数声明是引入指代函数的[[C.标识符|标识符]]的[[C.声明|声明]], 并可选地指定该函数的参数类型, 即其函数原型. 函数声明不同于函数定义, 可以出现于块作用域和文件作用域中 | ||
- 语法 | ||
- `非指针声明符(形参列表)` | ||
- 典型的 `S D(params)` 声明函数 `D` 接收参数 `params` 并返回 `S` | ||
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##### 声明 | ||
- 声明 | ||
- **声明**简单来说就是告诉编译器存在一个变量及其类型, 是将一个或多个[[C.声明符|声明符]]引入程序并指定它们的含义和属性, 声明可以通过初始化提供其初始值. 如果声明包括了具体实现分配了内存空间, 则被称为**定义**. 可以重复声明但不能重复定义 | ||
- 声明可以出现在任何范围内, 每个声明都以分号 `;` 结尾, 就像语句但不是语句 | ||
- **声明**简单来说就是告诉编译器存在一个变量及其类型, 是将一个或多个[[C.声明符|声明符]]引入程序并指定它们的含义和属性, 声明可以通过初始化提供其初始值. 如果声明包括了具体实现分配了内存空间, 则被称为**定义**. 可以重复声明但不能重复定义. 声明可以出现在任何范围内, 每个声明都以分号 `;` 结尾, 就像语句但不是语句 | ||
- 语法 | ||
- `说明符和限定符 声明符;` | ||
- `说明符和限定符 初始化声明符;` | ||
- `说明符和限定符` | ||
- [[C.存储类说明符|存储类说明符]] | ||
- [[C.类型说明符|类型说明符]] | ||
- [[C.类型限定符|类型限定符]] | ||
- `声明符` | ||
- [[C.声明符|声明符]] | ||
- `初始化声明符` | ||
- [[C.初始化|初始化]] | ||
- [[C.存储类说明符|存储类说明符]] | ||
- [[C.类型说明符|类型说明符]]* | ||
- [[C.类型限定符|类型限定符]] | ||
- [[C.声明符|声明符]]* | ||
- [[C.初始化|初始化]] | ||
- 示例 | ||
```c | ||
int a; | ||
// 定义a为整数, 如果在全局范围内, 它将被初始化为0, 如果在局部范围内, 它将是不确定的值 | ||
// 这里的声明符是标志符`a`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// 定义`a`为`int`类型对象, 如果在全局范围内, 它将被初始化为0, 如果在局部范围内, 它将是不确定的值 | ||
int a = 1; | ||
// 定义a为整数并初始化为1 | ||
// 定义`a`为整数并初始化为1 | ||
extern int a; | ||
// 声明a为整数, 告诉编译器a是在其他地方定义的变量 | ||
// 声明`a`为整数, 告诉编译器`a`是在其他地方定义的变量 | ||
``` | ||
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##### 声明符 | ||
- 声明符 | ||
- 声明符是[[C.声明|声明]]中被指定类型的对象 | ||
- 声明符是[[C.声明|声明]]中被指定类型的对象, [[C.标识符|标识符]]是最基本的声明符, 绝大多数的声明都需要使用标志符 | ||
- 语法 | ||
- [[C.标识符|标识符]] | ||
- 指针声明符 | ||
- 数组声明符 | ||
- 函数声明符 | ||
- 声明符可带括号 | ||
- `标志符` [[C.标识符|标识符]] | ||
- `非指针声明符[表达式]` [[C.数组|数组声明符]] | ||
- `非指针声明符(形参)` [[C.函数声明|函数声明符]] | ||
- `*声明符` [[C.指针|指针声明符]] | ||
- `(声明符)` 声明优先级 | ||
- 示例 | ||
```c | ||
int a; | ||
// 声明符是标志符`a`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// `a`是一个`int`类型对象 | ||
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int *p; | ||
// 声明符是指针声明符`*p`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// `p`是一个指向`int`类型的指针 | ||
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int arr[10]; | ||
// 声明符是数组声明符`arr[10]`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// `arr`是一个包含10个整型元素的数组 | ||
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int func(int a, float b); | ||
// 声明符是函数声明符`func(int a, float b)`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// `func`是一个接收`int`和`float`参数并返回`int`的函数 | ||
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int (*p)[10]; | ||
// 声明符是指针声明符`*p`和数组声明符`[10]`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// 优先声明指针`p` | ||
// `p`是一个指向包含10个整型元素的数组的指针 | ||
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int *arr[10]; | ||
// 声明符是指针声明符`*`和数组声明符`arr[10]`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// 优先声明数组`arr` | ||
// `arr`是一个包含10个指向整型的指针的数组 | ||
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int (*funcPtr)(int, float); | ||
// 声明符是指针声明符`*funcPtr`和函数声明符`(int, float)`, 类型说明符是`int` | ||
// 优先声明指针`funcPtr` | ||
// `funcPtr`是一个指针, 指向接收`int`和`float`参数并返回`int`的函数 | ||
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int (*(*foo)(double))[3] | ||
// `foo`是一个指针, 指向接收`double`参数并返回一个指向包含3个`int`类型元素的数组的指针 | ||
``` | ||
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##### 指针 | ||
- 指针 | ||
- 指针是一个变量, 它存储另一个变量的内存地址, 指针可以指向变量, 数组, 函数甚至其他指针. 通过指针可以直接访问和修改该地址上的数据 | ||
- 语法 | ||
- `*声明符` | ||
- 典型的 ` S *D` 声明指针 `D` 指向 `S` 所确定的类型 |
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- 数据类型 | ||
- [[C.整数]] | ||
- [[C.浮点数]] | ||
- C.数组 | ||
- C.指针 | ||
- C.结构 | ||
- C.联合 | ||
- [[C.数组]] | ||
- [[C.指针]] | ||
- [[C.结构]] | ||
- [[C.联合]] | ||
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##### 数组 | ||
- 数组 | ||
- 数组是一种由具有特定元素类型的连续分配的非空对象序列组成的类型, 这些对象的数量或者说数组大小在数组生命周期内永远不会改变. 需要使用数组时, 通过声明数组告诉编译器数组中内含多少元素和这些元素的类型, 编译器根据这些信息正确地创建数组, 普通变量可以使用的类型, 数组元素都可以用. 要访问数组中的元素, 通过使用数组索引表示数组中的各元素, 数组元素的索引从 0 开始 | ||
- 语法 | ||
- `非指针声明符[表达式]` | ||
- 典型的 `S D[N]` 声明数组 `D` 含有 `N` 个 `S` 确定的类型对象 |
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##### 枚举 | ||
- 枚举 | ||
- 枚举用于定义一组相关的整数常量, 通常用于表示离散的值集合, 如星期, 状态等, 提供了命名常量的集合, 提高代码的可读性和可维护性 | ||
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##### 结构 | ||
- 结构 | ||
- 结构体是由多个不同类型的变量组合在一起形成的一种用户自定义数据类型, 每个成员在结构体中占据独立的内存空间 | ||
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##### 联合 | ||
- 联合 | ||
- 联合体与结构体类似, 但其所有成员共享同一块内存空间, 这意味着在任何时候, 联合体只能存储一个成员的值, 修改一个成员的值会覆盖其他成员的值 | ||
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- 1995 C95 | ||
- 1999 C99 | ||
- 2011 C11 | ||
- 2017 C17 | ||
- 2023 C23 | ||
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##### Shell | ||
- Shell | ||
- Shell 是一种向人类用户或其他程序公开操作系统服务的计算机程序, 被命名为 Shell, 因为它是操作系统的最外层. 一般来说, 操作系统 Shell 使用命令行界面(CLI) 或图形用户界面(GUI), 具体取决于计算机的角色和特定操作 | ||
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##### 形式科学 | ||
>[!cite] 形式科学是研究形式系统描述的抽象结构的学科,例如逻辑、数学、统计学、理论计算机科学等 | ||
- [[Shell]] | ||
- [[Git]] | ||
- [[Python]] | ||
- [[C]] | ||
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##### σ 代数 | ||
- σ 代数 | ||
- 满足下列条件的集合系称为 σ 代数 | ||
- 满足下列条件的[[集合|集合系]]称为 σ 代数 |
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##### 一般序 | ||
- 一般序 | ||
- 数集 $\mathbb{N}$, $\mathbb{Z}$, $\mathbb{Q}$, $\mathbb{R}$ 上的一般序是传统的计数和测量顺序, 是人们最初接触数字时学到的[[自身关系|序关系]], 一般只考虑实数的序, 因为满足更多性质参考[[比较关系]] | ||
- 自然数 | ||
- 对于任意 $a, b \in \mathbb{N}$, 若存在 $c \in \mathbb{N}$, 使得 $a + c = b$ , 则 $a \leq b$ | ||
- 自然数是良序的 | ||
- 整数 | ||
- 对于任意 $a=(a_1,a_2), b=(b_1,b_2) \in \mathbb{Z}$, $a_1,a_2,b_1,b_2\in\mathbb{N}$, 若 $a_1+a_2\leq b_1+b_2$ , 则 $a \leq b$ | ||
- 整数是全序的 | ||
- 有理数 | ||
- 对于任意 $\displaystyle\frac{a}{b}, \frac{c}{d} \in \mathbb{Q}$, 若 $ad \leq bc$, 则 $\displaystyle\frac{a}{b} \leq \frac{c}{d}$ | ||
- 有理数是全序的 | ||
- 实数 | ||
- 对于任意 $a, b \in \mathbb{R}$, 若 $b - a \geq 0$, 则 $a \leq b$ | ||
- 实数是全序且完备的, 即每个有上界的非空子集都有最小上界 (上确界) | ||
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##### 代数结构 | ||
- 代数结构 | ||
- 代数结构是指装备了一个及以上的[[算术基础|运算]]的[[集合|非空集合]],包括了群、环、域、向量空间等。这些结构描述了集合中元素之间的特定关系,以及这些关系满足的基本性质。 | ||
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- 代数结构是指装备了一个及以上的[[运算]]的[[集合|非空集合]], 包括了群, 环, 域, 向量空间等. 这些结构描述了集合中元素之间的特定关系, 以及这些关系满足的基本性质 |
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##### 同态 | ||
- 同态 | ||
- 同态是两个同类[[代数结构]]之间保持结构不变的[[映射]], 也即所有诸如[[单位元]]、[[逆元]]和[[运算|二元运算]]之类的属性不变 | ||
- 设 $V_1=\langle A,\cdot \rangle$ 和 $V_1=\langle B,* \rangle$ 是同类型代数结构, 若 $f:V_1\to V_2$ 对任意 $x,y\in A$ 有 $f(x\cdot y)=f(x)*f(y)$, 则称 $f$ 是 $V_1$ 到 $V_2$ 的同态映射, 简称同态. 对应的, 同态映射如果是单射, 则称为单同态; 如果是满射, 则称为满同态, 这时 $V_2$ 是 $V_1$ 的同态像, 记作 $V_1\sim V_2$; 如果是双射, 则称为同构, 也称代数结构 $V_1$ 同构于 $V_2$, 记作 $V_1\simeq V_2$ . 对于代数系统 $V$ 到自身的同态称为自同态, 类似地可以定义单自同态, 满自同态和自同构 |
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##### 域 | ||
- 域 | ||
- 域是对加减乘除四种运算封闭的代数结构, 即集合元素和差积商仍属于该集合. 域是环的一种, 但区别在于域要求它的非零元素可以做除法, 且域的乘法有交换律. 数集中[[有理数]] $\mathbb{Q}$ , [[实数]] $\mathbb{R}$ , [[复数]] $\mathbb{C}$ 都是数域 | ||
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