Introduce Dockerfile for Ubuntu 24.04 #1994

Job	Run time
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/gcc-9, /usr/bin/g++-9, 98)	8m 5s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/gcc-9, /usr/bin/g++-9, 11)	27m 43s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/gcc-9, /usr/bin/g++-9, 17)	30m 24s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/gcc-10, /usr/bin/g++-10, 98)	7m 22s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/gcc-10, /usr/bin/g++-10, 11)	25m 17s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/gcc-10, /usr/bin/g++-10, 17)	27m 27s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/clang, /usr/bin/clang++, 98)	9m 13s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/clang, /usr/bin/clang++, 11)	33m 20s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-20.04, /usr/bin/clang, /usr/bin/clang++, 17)	35m 15s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/gcc-9, /usr/bin/g++-9, 98)	6m 51s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/gcc-9, /usr/bin/g++-9, 11)	23m 21s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/gcc-9, /usr/bin/g++-9, 17)	28m 3s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/gcc-10, /usr/bin/g++-10, 98)	7m 22s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/gcc-10, /usr/bin/g++-10, 11)	25m 2s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/gcc-10, /usr/bin/g++-10, 17)	28m 44s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/clang, /usr/bin/clang++, 98)	9m 27s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/clang, /usr/bin/clang++, 11)	33m 50s
build-ubuntu-dep-apt (ubuntu-22.04, /usr/bin/clang, /usr/bin/clang++, 17)	37m 16s
	6h 44m 2s

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