Empty Block Fallacy

There is a theory that the mining of empty blocks is an attack. The theory does not require that the blocks are mined on a weak branch in an attempt to enable double-spending, nor does it specify what person is attacked.

Consider the following:

• The term "attack" implies theft. The Bitcoin whitepaper, for example, uses the term only to describe double-spend attempts.

• A reward consists of fees for transactions and a subsidy for the block. The miner who forgoes transaction fees by not including transactions is not rewarded for them.

• The miner's hash power contributes proportionally to the security of the network. The subsidy is compensation for that security during the inflationary phase. The purpose of inflation is to rationally distribute units. The rational distribution is specifically in exchange for hash power, not for transaction inclusion.

• Transaction confirmation is not assured. Fees are the incentive for confirmation. Lack of confirmation objectively implies insufficient fee.

• Empty block mining is entirely consistent with consensus rules and cannot be reasonably prevented by a new rule.

Furthermore, if 10% of the hash power mines empty blocks, then confirmations will take 10% longer on average. Yet if a miner removes 10% of the total hash power, confirmations will also take 10% longer on average, until the next difficulty adjustment. Mining an empty block is therefore indistinguishable from not mining.

It is worth exploring the source of the fallacy. Because of the Zero Sum Property, there may be an assumption that mining an empty block "unfairly" takes away the opportunity for transactions to be confirmed.

A miner commits capital to mining, producing hash power. Setting aside the effects of pooling, the miner is subsidized in proportion to hash power produced. Without this work other miners would produce the same average number of blocks at proportionally lower difficulty. In other words, actual attacks would be proportionally cheaper. So despite not being rewarded for including transactions, the miner is securing previously-confirmed transactions.

Given that the marginal cost of including a transaction is necessarily below average fee levels, the empty block miner is suffering an opportunity cost. This amounts to the miner subsidizing the security of the chain. While this seems economically irrational in the limited context of the coin, it can be rational due to the offsetting opportunity cost for waiting on a new non-empty candidate following an announcement.To the extent that it reduces miner costs, empty block mining can have no impact on either fees or confirmation rate. The theory is therefore invalid.

While a given miner may consider it advantageous to mine empty blocks, it is within every other person's power to do otherwise. It is ultimately the exercise of this competitive and self-interested opportunity that secures the [coin]Glossary#coin), even against actual attacks.