[ci] update versions of GitHub Actions

[jameslamb]

Contributes to #3763.

Proposes updating all external Github Actions that LightGBM uses to their latest versions.

Benefit of this change

Attempts to resolve the following deprecation warnings, before they become errors and result in LightGBM's CI failing.

Node.js 12 actions are deprecated. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2022-09-22-github-actions-all-actions-will-begin-running-on-node16-instead-of-node12/. Please update the following actions to use Node.js 16: actions/[email protected], r-lib/actions/setup-pandoc@v1

r-lib/actions/setup-pandoc@v1 is deprecated. Please update your workflow to use the 'v2' version.

The save-state command is deprecated and will be disabled soon. Please upgrade to using Environment Files. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2022-10-11-github-actions-deprecating-save-state-and-set-output-commands/

[jmoralez]

Please let me know if you need help with the conflict (e.g. you don't have access to a computer)

[jameslamb]

Appreciate the offer, thanks @jmoralez ! I can fix it right now, I haven't started traveling yet.

[github-actions]

This pull request has been automatically locked since there has not been any recent activity since it was closed. To start a new related discussion, open a new issue at https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/issues including a reference to this.