Expose the package version in the C++ headers.

[plietar]

On multiple occasions, I have made changes to individual that inadvertently broke the ABI of the native code. Unfortunately, after the new version of individual was released and users installed it, the R tooling wasn't able to detect this situation and did not automatically force malariasimulation to be re-installed or re-compiled. As a result, users were using a malariasimulation shared library that was built against individual 0.X together with an individual shared library at version 0.(X+1). This causes very subtle and hard to diagnose bugs, where one piece of code might read from the wrong place.

For example, #187 changed a return type of NumericVariable::get_values from a prvalue to a const-reference, avoiding unnecessary copies. For most intents and purposes, this is a API-compatible change, but the ABI of the method is different. After the update, if a user was still using a installation of malariasimulation that expected the old signature, the code would be compiled expecting to receive an std::vector by value (ie. three words representing the pointer to the data, the length and the capacity) instead received a pointer to such a vector.

Another example is #201, which removed the num_bits field and made it a compile-time constant. Code which used num_bits was now reading from an unintialized piece of memory instead. While the num_bits field was private, header-file code from the individual package that reads the field can make its way into the malariasimulation shared library and embed the assumptions about the layout of the class. Given the heavy use of templates in the package, almost all of it is re-instantiated and included in the downstream shared library.

In all these cases, recompiling malariasimulation is sufficient to ensure it uses the new ABI of the individual package. If the user uses devtools, then this simply requires them to call devtools::clean_dll. The issue is that identifying the problem is near impossible for a user. Nothing in the behaviour of malariasimulation points to an incompatibility, instead the package only misbehaves in very suprising ways.

The goal of this change is to export the version of the individual package in its C++ headers. The constant may then be included and compiled into the malariasimulation shared object. At load-time, malariasimulation can compare this version with the result of packageVersion("individual") and show a warning or an error if they don't match. The user will be directed to re-install malariasimulation.

I could not figure out a way of exporting the version from DESCRIPTION into header files. It's possibly something Rcpp::compileAttributes() could do, but it doesn't. Instead the version number is duplicated and a CI check ensures that they are kept in sync.

Some alternatives I considered instead:

1. Don't make ABI breaking changes to individual: I think this is a non-starter. We do not want to restrict our abilities to improve and optimise the package. Moreover identifying what is or isn't a breaking change is quite challenging.
2. Stop exposing a C++ API, and require users to call the R functions instead: allowing users to write high-performant processes or utility functions for the hot path of their models is quite an important aspect of individual.
3. Break the ABI but announce it in release notes so users know to be on the look out and to re-compile their copy of malariasimulation: no one reads release notes, especially for a package they only use indirectly. Moreover it still requires identifying ABI breaking changes.
4. Implement the suggested scheme, but use an ABI version instead of the package version. This will avoid false positives, where the package's version number is increased even though the ABI hasn't changed. I think the rate of releases and the cost of recompiling malariasimulation are low enough that it is better to err on the safe side and treat every release as if it could be ABI breaking.

[plietar]

See mrc-ide/malariasimulation#332 for the malariasimulation side.

Steps to test:

remotes::install_github('mrc-ide/individual@expose-version', upgrade=FALSE) # Install this PR
remotes::install_github('mrc-ide/malariasimulation@check-individual-version', upgrade=FALSE) # Install the malariasimulation PR
remotes::install_github('mrc-ide/individual@expose-version-next', upgrade=FALSE) # Install a version of this PR that also bumps the version number

library(malariasimulation)
#> Warning message:
#> In fun(libname, pkgname) :
#>  malariasimulation was compiled against version '0.1.17' of the individual, but version '0.1.18' is currently loaded. This is likely to cause malariasimulation to misbehave. You should re-install malariasimulation. If using devtools, run `devtools::clean_dll` and then load malariasimulation again.