This extension implements a columnar store for PostgreSQL. Columnar stores provide notable benefits for analytic use-cases where data is loaded in batches.
The extension uses the Optimized Row Columnar (ORC) format for its data layout. ORC improves upon the RCFile format developed at Facebook, and brings the following benefits:
- Compression: Reduces in-memory and on-disk data size by 2-4x. Can be extended to support different codecs.
- Column projections: Only reads column data relevant to the query. Improves performance for I/O bound queries.
- Skip indexes: Stores min/max statistics for row groups, and uses them to skip over unrelated rows.
Further, we used the Postgres foreign data wrapper APIs and type representations with this extension. This brings:
- Support for 40+ Postgres data types. The user can also create new types and use them.
- Statistics collection. PostgreSQL's query optimizer uses these stats to evaluate different query plans and pick the best one.
- Simple setup. Create foreign table and copy data. Run SQL.
cstore_fdw depends on protobuf-c for serializing and deserializing table metadata. So we need to install these packages first:
# Fedora 17+, CentOS, and Amazon Linux
sudo yum install protobuf-c-devel
# Ubuntu 10.4+
sudo apt-get install protobuf-c-compiler
sudo apt-get install libprotobuf-c0-dev
# Mac OS X
brew install protobuf-c
Note. In CentOS 5 and 6, you may need to install or update EPEL 5 or EPEL 6 repositories. See [this page] (http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/article/installing-rhel-epel-repo-on-centos-5x-or-6x) for instructions.
Note. In Amazon Linux, EPEL 6 repository is installed by default, but it is not enabled. See these instructions for how to enable it.
Once you have protobuf-c installed on your machine, you are ready to build cstore_fdw. For this, you need to include the pg_config directory path in your make command. This path is typically the same as your PostgreSQL installation's bin/ directory path. For example:
PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH make
sudo PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH make install
Note. cstore_fdw requires PostgreSQL 9.3 or 9.4. It doesn't support earlier versions of PostgreSQL.
Before using cstore_fdw, you need to add it to shared_preload_libraries
in your postgresql.conf and restart Postgres:
shared_preload_libraries = 'cstore_fdw' # (change requires restart)
The following parameters can be set on a cstore foreign table object.
- filename (optional): The absolute path to the location for storing table data.
If you don't specify the filename option, cstore_fdw will automatically
choose the $PGDATA/cstore_fdw directory to store the files. If specified the
value of this parameter will be used as a prefix for all files created to
store table data. For example, the value
/cstore_fdw/my_tablecould result in the files/cstore_fdw/my_tableand/cstore_fdw/my_table.footerbeing used to manage table data. - compression (optional): The compression used for compressing value streams.
Valid options are
noneandpglz. The default isnone. - stripe_row_count (optional): Number of rows per stripe. The default is
150000. Reducing this decreases the amount memory used for loading data and querying, but also decreases the performance. - block_row_count (optional): Number of rows per column block. The default is
10000. cstore_fdw compresses, creates skip indexes, and reads from disk at the block granularity. Increasing this value helps with compression and results in fewer reads from disk. However, higher values also reduce the probability of skipping over unrelated row blocks.
You can use PostgreSQL's COPY command to load or append data into the table.
You can use PostgreSQL's ANALYZE table_name command to collect statistics
about the table. These statistics help the query planner to help determine the
most efficient execution plan for each query.
Note. We currently don't support updating table using INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE commands.
To update your existing cstore_fdw installation from version 1.0 to 1.1, you can take the following steps:
- Download and install cstore_fdw version 1.1 using instructions from the "Building" section,
- Restart the PostgreSQL server,
- Run the
ALTER EXTENSION cstore_fdw UPDATE;command.
As an example, we demonstrate loading and querying data to/from a column store table from scratch here. Let's start with downloading and decompressing the data files.
wget http://examples.citusdata.com/customer_reviews_1998.csv.gz
wget http://examples.citusdata.com/customer_reviews_1999.csv.gz
gzip -d customer_reviews_1998.csv.gz
gzip -d customer_reviews_1999.csv.gz
Then, let's log into Postgres, and run the following commands to create a column store foreign table:
-- load extension first time after install
CREATE EXTENSION cstore_fdw;
-- create server object
CREATE SERVER cstore_server FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER cstore_fdw;
-- create foreign table
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE customer_reviews
(
customer_id TEXT,
review_date DATE,
review_rating INTEGER,
review_votes INTEGER,
review_helpful_votes INTEGER,
product_id CHAR(10),
product_title TEXT,
product_sales_rank BIGINT,
product_group TEXT,
product_category TEXT,
product_subcategory TEXT,
similar_product_ids CHAR(10)[]
)
SERVER cstore_server
OPTIONS(compression 'pglz');Next, we load data into the table:
COPY customer_reviews FROM '/home/user/customer_reviews_1998.csv' WITH CSV;
COPY customer_reviews FROM '/home/user/customer_reviews_1999.csv' WITH CSV;Note. If you are getting ERROR: cannot copy to foreign table "customer_reviews" when trying to run the COPY commands, double check that you
have added cstore_fdw to shared_preload_libraries in postgresql.conf
and restarted Postgres.
Next, we collect data distribution statistics about the table. This is optional, but usually very helpful:
ANALYZE customer_reviews;Finally, let's run some example SQL queries on the column store table.
-- Find all reviews a particular customer made on the Dune series in 1998.
SELECT
customer_id, review_date, review_rating, product_id, product_title
FROM
customer_reviews
WHERE
customer_id ='A27T7HVDXA3K2A' AND
product_title LIKE '%Dune%' AND
review_date >= '1998-01-01' AND
review_date <= '1998-12-31';
-- Do we have a correlation between a book's title's length and its review ratings?
SELECT
width_bucket(length(product_title), 1, 50, 5) title_length_bucket,
round(avg(review_rating), 2) AS review_average,
count(*)
FROM
customer_reviews
WHERE
product_group = 'Book'
GROUP BY
title_length_bucket
ORDER BY
title_length_bucket;The example above illustrated how to load data into a PostgreSQL database running on a single host. However, sometimes your data is too large to analyze effectively on a single host. CitusDB is a product built by Citus Data that allows you to run a distributed PostgreSQL database to analyze your data using the power of multiple hosts. CitusDB is based on a modern PostgreSQL version and allows you to easily install PostgreSQL extensions and foreign data wrappers, including cstore_fdw. For an example of how to use cstore_fdw with CitusDB see the CitusDB documentation.
cstore_fdw partitions each column into multiple blocks. Skip indexes store minimum and maximum values for each of these blocks. While scanning the table, if min/max values of the block contradict the WHERE clause, then the block is completely skipped. This way, the query processes less data and hence finishes faster.
To use skip indexes more efficiently, you should load the data after sorting it on a column that is commonly used in the WHERE clause. This ensures that there is a minimum overlap between blocks and the chance of them being skipped is higher.
In practice, the data generally has an inherent dimension (for example a time field) on which it is naturally sorted. Usually, the queries also have a filter clause on that column (for example you want to query only the last week's data), and hence you don't need to sort the data in such cases.
Before uninstalling the extension, first you need to drop all the cstore tables:
postgres=# DROP FOREIGN TABLE cstore_table_1;
...
postgres=# DROP FOREIGN TABLE cstore_table_n;
Then, you should drop the cstore server and extension:
postgres=# DROP SERVER cstore_server;
postgres=# DROP EXTENSION cstore_fdw;
cstore_fdw automatically creates some directories inside the PostgreSQL's data directory to store its files. To remove them, you can run:
$ rm -rf $PGDATA/cstore_fdw
Then, you should remove cstore_fdw from shared_preload_libraries in
your postgresql.conf:
shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart)
Finally, to uninstall the extension you can run the following command in the extension's source code directory. This will clean up all the files copied during the installation:
$ sudo PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/:$PATH make uninstall
- (Feature) Make filename option optional, and use a default directory inside $PGDATA to manage cstore tables.
- (Feature) Automatically delete files on DROP FOREIGN TABLE.
- (Fix) Return empty table if no data has been loaded. Previously, cstore_fdw errored out.
- (Fix) Fix overestimating relation column counts when planning.
- (Feature) Added cstore_table_size(tablename) for getting the size of a cstore table in bytes.
Copyright (c) 2014 Citus Data, Inc.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the Apache v2.0 License.
For all types of questions and comments about the wrapper, please contact us at engage @ citusdata.com.