[main] Upgrade the Golang version to `go1.23.3` (#17199) #430

Job	Run time
Build and push lite (latest)	4m 16s
Build and push vttestserver (mysql80)	2m 34s
Build and push lite (percona80)	4m 27s
Build and push (bullseye, vtadmin)	1m 16s
Build and push (bullseye, vtorc)	51s
Build and push (bullseye, vtgate)	53s
Build and push (bullseye, vttablet)	43s
Build and push (bullseye, mysqlctld)	51s
Build and push (bullseye, mysqlctl)	43s
Build and push (bullseye, vtctl)	41s
Build and push (bullseye, vtctlclient)	55s
Build and push (bullseye, vtctld)	1m 33s
Build and push (bullseye, vtctldclient)	55s
Build and push (bullseye, logrotate)	37s
Build and push (bullseye, logtail)	50s
Build and push (bullseye, vtbackup)	46s
Build and push (bullseye, vtexplain)	48s
Build and push (bookworm, vtadmin)	1m 32s
Build and push (bookworm, vtorc)	41s
Build and push (bookworm, vtgate)	51s
Build and push (bookworm, vttablet)	55s
Build and push (bookworm, mysqlctld)	49s
Build and push (bookworm, mysqlctl)	54s
Build and push (bookworm, vtctl)	47s
Build and push (bookworm, vtctlclient)	1m 11s
Build and push (bookworm, vtctld)	1m 55s
Build and push (bookworm, vtctldclient)	51s
Build and push (bookworm, logrotate)	26s
Build and push (bookworm, logtail)	31s
Build and push (bookworm, vtbackup)	52s
Build and push (bookworm, vtexplain)	44s
Slack Notification if failed	0s
	36m 38s

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