Pass Go/Python version as an explicit input

[webbnh]

Changes introduced with this PR

This PR modifies go_lint_and_test.yaml, go_release.yaml, and python_release.yaml to access the required version of Go or Python from the workflow inputs instead of trying to obtain it from a global variable. Access to variables has proved unreliable when executing workflows from PRs from forks. Also, making the values be explicit inputs instead better encapsulates and properly decouples the reusable workflows from the calling workflows and organizations.

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[dbutenhof]

So how does this all fit together? Can the individual workflows that call these still pull a single global organization-wide Go Version, or does each repo need to define its own?

[webbnh]

So how does this all fit together? Can the individual workflows that call these still pull a single global organization-wide Go Version, or does each repo need to define its own?

The "flow" is as follows:

1. At the Organization level, we define "variables" with the preferred versions of Go, Python, etc.
   • These can still be overridden at the repository or individual workflow level, if needed
2. These variables are referenced in the repositories' build workflows in the invocations of the reusable workflows
3. The subworkflows receive the version values as inputs.

See arcalot/arcaflow-engine#169 for an example.